# Vocabulary for Japanese === Skill 0 - Basics === Lesson 1[] すし = sushi みず = water ごはん = rice おちゃ = green tea ください = please give me (polite) Lesson 2[] と = and Lesson 3[] === Skill 1 - People === Lesson 1[] せんせい = teacher いしゃ = doctor やさしい = nice Lesson 2[] べんごし = lawyer かっこいい = cool Lesson 3[] がくせい = student ひと = person === Skill 2 - Greetings === Lesson 1[] こんにちは = hello どうぞよろしく= nice to meet you こんばんは = good evening さん = Mr., Miss, Mrs. Lesson 2[] じゃあね = bye またあした = see you tomorrow Lesson 3[] === Skill 3 - Cafe === Lesson 1[] ラーメン = ramen カレー = curry おいしい = tasty これ = this は = topic marker; to be Lesson 2[] ピザ = pizza ケーキ = cake それ = that Lesson 3[] か = question marker はい = yes いいえ = no === Skill 4 - Countries === Lesson 1[] にほん = Japan アメリカ = America おおきい = big ちいさい = small Lesson 2[] カナダ = Canada アメリカじん = American にほんじん = Japanese カナダじん = Canadian Lesson 3[] イギリス = Britain ブラジル = Brazil イギリスじん = British ブラジルじん = Brazilian === Skill 5 - Directions === Lesson 1[] ホテル (Hoteru) = hotel コンビニ (Konbini) = convenience store どこ (Doko) = where Lesson 2[] デパート (Depāto) = department store バスてい (Basutei) = bus stop ここ (Koko) = here Lesson 3[] えき (Eki) = train station だいがく (Daigaku) = university そこ (Soko) = there === Skill 6 - Belongings === Lesson 1[] ぼうし = hat あかい = red かさ = umbrella わたしの = my Lesson 2[] コート = coat くつ = shoe しろい = white これら = these それら = those Lesson 3[] === Skill 7 - Neighbors === Lesson 1[] この = this あかるい = cheerful その = that かわいい = cute おもしろい = funny やまぐち = Yamaguchi たなか = Tanaka なかやま = Nakyama Lesson 2[] Lesson 3[] === Skill 8 - Time === Lesson 1[] いち = one に = two じ = o'clock Lesson 2[] 一 = one (いち) 二 = two (に) 三 = three (さん) いま = now Lesson 3[] なんじ = what time ごろ゛= about (that time) はん = thirty すみません = excuse me === Skill 9 - Travel === Lesson 1[] くうこう = airport ちかてつ = subway Lesson 2[] きっぷ = ticket ちず = map Lesson 3[] パスポート = passport の = of, 's スマホ = smartphone Lesson 4[] かばん = bag 田中 = Tanaka (たなか) 山口 = Yamaguchi (やまぐち) 中山= Nakyama (なかやま) === Skill 10 - Welcome === Lesson 1[] Lesson 2[] Lesson 3[] Lesson 4[] Lesson 5[] Lesson 6[] === Skill 11 - My_Family === Lesson 1[] Lesson 2[] Lesson 3[] Lesson 4[] Lesson 5[] Lesson 6[] === Skill 12 - Restaurant === この本 = this book あのレストラン = that restaurant over there 高いケーキ = an expensive cake ステーキ冷たいです = The steak is cold. Lesson 1[] レストラン (re-su-to-ra-n) = restaurant メニュー (me-nyuu) = menu 辛い (ka-ra-i) = spicy (からい) いくら (i-ku-ra) = how much この (ko-no) = this/these Lesson 2[] 円 (en) = yen (Japanese currency) (えん) 百 (hya-ku) = hundred (ひゃく) 千 (sen) = thousand (せん) 一万 (ichi-man) = ten thousand (いちまん) Lesson 3[] 朝 (a-sa) = morning (あさ) 朝ご飯 (asa-go-han) = breakfast (あさごはん) 昼 (hi-ru) = noon (ひる) 昼ご飯 (hiru-go-han) = lunch (ひるごはん) 晩 (ban) = evening (ばん) 晩ご飯 (ban-go-han) = dinner (ばんごはん) おいしい (o-i-shi-i) = delicious その (so-no) = that/those (near listener) Lesson 4[] 食堂 (shoku-dou) = cafeteria/dining hall/dining room (しょくどう) ステーキ (su-tee-ki) = steak まずい (ma-zui) = taste/tastes bad あの (ano) = that/those over there どの (do-no) = which で (de) = place marker 願いします (nega-i-shi-ma-su) = please/I would like (ねがいします) Lesson 5[] 熱い (atsu-i) = hot (あつい) 冷たい (tsume-ta-i) = cold (つめたい) 好き(su-ki) = like (すき) じゃない (ja-nai) = does not/is not 好きじゃないです (suki-ja-nai-desu) = I do not like (すきじゃないです) Lesson 6[] ケーキ (kee-ki) = cake 安い (yasu-i) = inexpensive/cheap (やすい) 高い (taka-i) = expensive (たかい) 甘い (ama-i) = sweet (あまい) 嫌い (kira-i) = hate, do not like (きらい) === Skill 13 - Routines === Lesson 1[] 学校 (gak-kou) = school (がっこう) 行く (i-ku) = to go (いく) 行きます (i-ki-ma-su) = I go/will go (いきます) 行きません (i-ki-ma-se-n) = I don't go/I will not go (いきません) に (ni) = on/in/at へ (e) = to ごろ (go-ro) = around/about Lesson 2[] 会 (kai) = meeting (かい) 会社 (kai-sha) = office/company (かいしゃ) 午後 (go-go) = afternoon, p.m (ごご) 寝る (ne-ru) = to sleep, to go to bed (ねる) 寝ます (ne-ma-su) = I go to sleep/bed (ねます) Lesson 3[] 午前 (go-zen) = morning, a.m (ごぜん) 零時 (rei-ji) = midnight (れいじ) 起きる (o-ki-ru) = to get up, to wake up (おきる) 起きます (o-ki-ma-su) = I wake up/I get up (おきます) 起きません (o-ki-ma-se-n) = I will not get up (おきません) Lesson 4[] 朝 (a-sa) = morning (あさ) 毎朝 (mai-asa) = every morning (まいあさ) 毎日 (mai-nichi) = every day (まいにち) === Skill 14 - Emergency === Lesson 1[] 病気 (byō-ki) = illness 原因 (gen'in) = cause 事故 (ji-ko) = accident 事件 (ji-ken) = incident 起こった (o-kot-ta) = happened 起こりました (o-ko-ri-ma-shi-ta) = did occur 事故を起こした (ji-ko-wo-o-ko-shi-ta) = caused an accident 火を起こさなかった (hi-wo-o-ko-sa-na-ka-tta) = didn't start a fire 調べている (shi-ra-be-te-i-ru) = investigating, researching [やり]すぎでした ([ya-ri]-su-gi-de-shi-ta) = over (doing) 食べすぎが原因でした (ta-be-su-gi-ga-gen'in-de-shi-ta) = overeating was the cause Lesson 2[] 不明 (fu-mei) = unknown/unclear (ふめい) 明らかに (a-ki-ra-ka ni) = clearly/obviously 明らかに なりました (a-ki-ra-ka ni na-ri-ma-shi-ta) = became clear 危険 (ki-ken) = dangerous 危険な所 (ki-ken-na to-ko-ro) = a difficult situation 助けて (ta-su-ke-te) = Help! 助け (ta-su-ke) = help 助けて呉れました (ta-su-ke-te-ku-re-ma-shi-ta) = helped (me) with 必要です(hi-tsu-yō-de-su) = I need; is required Lesson 3[] 警察 (kei-sa-tsu) = police 突然 (to-tsu-zen) = suddenly 遠くに (tō-ku-ni) = in the distance 逮捕 (tai-ho) = arrest 走りました (ha-shi-ri-ma-shi-ta) = shot through; ran Lesson 4[] 場合 (ba-ai) = case 非常 (hi-jō) = emergency; extremely 非常の場合 (hi-jō-no-baai) = emergency situation/case 非常口 (hi-jō-gu-chi) = emergency exit 地震 (ji-shin) = earthquake 交通 (kō-tsū) = traffic この場合は君が悪いです (ko-no-ba-ai-wa-ki-mi-ga-wa-ru-i-de-su) = In this case, you are at fault Lesson 5[] けが (ke-ga) = injury けがをした (ke-ga-o-shi-ta) = hurt 床 (yu-ka) = floor (of room) 階 (kai) = floor (levels of a building) 落ちる (o-chi-ru) = fall 床 (yu-ka) = floor 地面 (ji-men) = ground ...を落とした (...-wo-o-to-shi-ta) = I dropped ... 倒れました (tao-re-ma-shi-ta) = I collapsed 倒れたとき (tao-re-ta-to-ki) = when (I) collapsed (“the time of collapsing”) Lesson 6[] 状態 (jyō-tai) = x (じょうたい) status 必死に (hi-sshi-ni) = so hard/for dear life; desperately 救急車 (kyuu-kyuu-sha) = ambulance (きゅうきゅうしゃ) 打った (ut-ta) = struck/hit 頭を強く打った (a-ta-ma o tsu-yo-ku u-tta) = hit my head hard 化学反応 (ka-ga-ku-han'nō) = a chemical reaction === Skill 15 - Family_2 === Lesson 1[] 親戚 (shin-se-ki) = relatives (しんせき) 息子 (mu-su-ko) = my son (むすこ) - [pronounced (mu-s-ko)] 息子さん (mu-su-ko-san) = your son (むすこさん) - [pronounced (mu-s-ko-san)] 娘 (mu-su-me) = my daughter (むすめ) 習い (na-rai) = learning (ならい) 歳 (sai) = years old (さい) 歳 (to-shi) = age (とし) 八歳 (ha-ssai) = 8 years old (はっさい) Lesson 2[] おじ (o-ji) = my uncle おば (o-ba) = my aunt いとこ (i-to-ko) = my cousin 二十歳 (ha-ta-chi) = 20 years old/coming of age (はたち) 孫 (ma-go) = grandchildren (まご) 孫息子 (ma-go-mu-su-ko) = my grandson (まごむすこ) 孫娘 (ma-go-mu-su-me) = my granddaughter (まごむすめ) お孫さん (o-ma-go-san) = your grandchild/grandchildren (おまごさん) 兄弟 (kyou-dai) = brother(s) / sibling(s) (きょうだい) Lesson 3[] 夫 (o-tto) = my husband (おっと) 妻 (tsu-ma) = my wife (つま) お子さん (o-ko-san) = your child (おこさん) お子さんたち (o-ko-san-ta-chi) = your children (おこさんたち) こちら (ko-chi-ra) = this is/this way/over here おいくつ (o-i-ku-tsu) = how old (polite) Lesson 4[] ご主人 (go-shu-jin) = your husband (ごしゅじん) 奥さん (oku-san) = your wife (おくさん) - [pronounced (o-k-san)] 在宅 (zai-taku) = at home (ざいたく) ご在宅 (go-zai-taku) = at (your) home よろしく (yo-ro-shi-ku) = my regards Lesson 5[] 祖父 (so-fu) = my grandfather (そふ) 祖母 (so-bo) = my grandmother (そぼ) おじいさん (o-ji-i-san) = your grandfather おばあさん (o-ba-a-san) = your grandmother おじさん (o-ji-san) = your uncle おばさん (o-ba-san) = your aunt Lesson 6[] おかえりなさい (o-kae-ri-na-sai) = welcome back/welcome home 行ってらっしゃい (i-tte-ra-ssha-i) = take care/have a good day (いってらっしゃい) ただいま (ta-da-i-ma) = I'm back/I'm home 行ってきます (i-tte-ki-masu) = I'm off/I'm leaving (いってきます) 父親 (chichi-oya) = someone else's father (ちちおや) 母親 (haha-oya) = someone else's mother (ははおや) 似ています (ni-tei-masu) = he resembles (にています) 似ていません (ni-te-i-ma-se-n) = he doesn't resemble (にていません) お兄さん (o-ni-i-san) = big/older brother (formal, polite) (おにいさん) お姉さん (o-ne-e-san) = big/older sister (formal, polite) (おねえさん) === Skill 16 - Events === Lesson 1[] 贈り物 (o-ku-ri-mo-no) = gift 息子が誕生日の贈り物をくれた。(mu-su-ko-ga-tan-jō-bi-no-o-ku-ri-mo-no-wo-ku-re-ta) = My son gave me a birthday present. 母への贈り物を探しています。(ha-ha-e-no-o-ku-ri-mo-no-wo-sa-ga-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I am looking for a gift for my mother. ...を贈った (...-wo-o-ku-tta) = I gave him ... ...を喜びました (...-wo-yo-ro-ko-bi-ma-shi-ta) = She was happy with ... 彼女は贈り物を喜びました。(ka-no-jo-wa-o-ku-ri-mo-no-wo-yo-ro-ko-bi-ma-shi-ta) = She was happy with the gift. 喜ぶでしょう (yo-ro-ko-bu-de-shō) = He will probably be happy. 喜んで (yo-ro-kon-de) = I'd love to. / With pleasure. 祝い (i-wa-i) = celebration ...を祝いました (...-wo-i-wa-i-ma-shi-ta) = I celebrated 私たちは娘の誕生を祝いました。(wa-ta-shi-ta-chi-wa-mu-su-me-no-tan-jō-wo-i-wa-i-ma-shi-ta) = We celebrated the birth of our daughter. お祝いをしよう (o-i-wai-wo-shi-yō) = Let's celebrate! Lesson 2[] 式 (shi-ki) = ceremony 行事 (ryō-ji) = event 素敵な (su-te-ki-na) = lovely 父は素敵な腕時計をしています。(chi-chi-wa-su-te-ki-na-u-de-do-kei-wo-shi-te-i-ma-su) = My father is wearing a nice watch. ("My father is doing a nice watch.") 花火 (ha-na-bi) = fireworks ("flower of fire / flower fire") 花火は美しかったです。(ha-na-bi-wa-u-tsu-ku-shi-ka-tta-de-su) = The fireworks were beautiful. 明日行われる (shi-ta-o-ko-na-wa-re-ru) = it will be held tomorrow 昨日行われた (ki-nō-o-ko-na-wa-re-ta) = it was held yesterday 行われます (o-ko-na-wa-re-ma-su) = it will be held 葬式は十時から行われます。(sō-shi-ki-wa-jū-to-ki-ka-ra-o-ko-na-wa-re-ma-su) = The funeral will be held starting at ten o 'clock. お祭り / 祭り (o-ma-tsu-ri / ma-tsu-ri) = festival Lesson 3[] 招待 (shō-tai) = invitation ご招待いただき、ありがとうございます。(go-shō-ta-i-i-ta-da-ki-a-ri-ga-tō-go-za-i-ma-su) = Thank you very much for inviting me. ("The act of receiving an invitation, thank you very much (for that).") 彼を招待しましょう。(ka-re-wo-shō-tai-shi-ma-shō) = Let 's invite him. 彼は私をコンサートに招待してくれました。(ka-re-wa-wa-ta-shi-wo-kon-sā-to-ni-shō-tai-shi-te-ku-re-ma-shi-ta) = He invited me to the concert (as a favour). よい旅を！(yoi-ta-bi-wo) = Have a nice trip! 良い / よい (yoi) = good 良いお年を！(yoi-o-to-shi-wo) = Have a good new year! 彼はよい教師になるだろう。(ka-re-wa-yoi-kyō-shi-ni-na-ru-da-rō) = He will make a good teacher. 客を迎えた (kya-ku-wo-mu-ka-e-ta) = I welcomed guests. 姉が迎えに来てくれました。(a-ne-ga-mu-ka-e-ni-ki-te-ku-re-ma-shi-ta) = My older sister came to get me. 私は京都駅までお迎えに参ります。(wa-ta-shi-wa-kyō-to-e-ki-ma-de-o-mu-ka-e-ni-mai-ri-ma-su) = I will come to meet you at Kyoto Station. ("I will come uptill Kyōto Station at your welcome.") 彼女は駅に彼を迎えに行きます。(ka-no-jo-wa-e-ki-ni-ka-re-wo-mu-ka-e-ni-i-ki-ma-su) = She will go to meet him at the station. ("She will go at the meeting of him at the station.") [Note 彼を迎え when 彼の迎え could equally have been used.] Lesson 4[] 日常 (ni-chi-jō) = daily / mundane / common 国旗 (ko-kki) = national flag 出来事 (de-ki-go-to) = event / occurrence / incident 出来事は二年前に起こった。(de-ki-go-to-wa-ni-to-shi-ma-e-ni-o-ko-tta) = The event took place two years ago. 開催される (kai-sai-sa-re-ru) = it will be held コンサートは来年の春に開催される。(kon-sā-to-wa-rai-nen-no-ha-ru-ni-kai-sai-sa-re-ru) = The concert will be held next spring. 恐ろしい (o-so-ro-shī) = dreadful / terrible 私は字が恐ろしく下手だ。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ji-ga-o-so-ro-shi-ku-he-ta-da) = My handwriting is awfully bad. Lesson 5[] 祝日 (shu-ku-ji-tsu) = holiday 今日は国民の祝日です。(kyō-wa-ko-ku-min-no-shu-ku-ji-tsu-de-su) = Today is a national holiday / citizen's holiday. 雰囲気 (fun-i-ki) = mood / atmosphere / aura 雰囲気が明るくなった。(fun-i-ki-ga-a-ka-ru-ku-na-tta) = The mood lightened up. 飾られていた (wa-ka-za-ra-re-te-i-ta) = it was decorated 飾った (wo-ka-za-tta) = it was decorated 彼女の部屋には大きな絵が飾ってあった。(ka-no-jo-no-he-ya-ni-wa-ō-ki-na-e-ga-ka-za-tte-a-tta) = There was a big picture on display in her room. 家庭 (ka-tei) = family 彼は仕事のために家庭を犠牲にした。(ka-re-wa-shi-go-to-no-ta-me-ni-ka-tei-wo-gi-sei-ni-shi-ta) = He sacrificed his family for his work. === Skill 17 - Clothes_2 === Lesson 1[] 緑色 (midori-iro) = green (みどりいろ) 紫色 (murasaki-iro) = purple (むらさきいろ) ドレス (do-re-su) = dress ハンドバッグ (ha-n-do-ba-ggu) = handbag/purse いつも = always しゃれた (sha-re-ta) = stylish おしゃれな (o-sha-re-na) = stylish おしゃれじゃない (o-sha-re-ja-na-i) = not stylish あまり(a-ma-ri) = not very 全然 (zen-zen) = not at all 着る (ki-ru) = to wear (from the shoulders down); to put on (きる) 着ています (ki-tei-masu) = he/she is wearing (きています) いつもしゃれた服を着ています = always wearing stylish clothes (いつもしゃれたふくをきています) Lesson 2[] 灰色 (hai-iro) = grey/gray (はいいろ) 靴下 (kutsu-shita) = socks (くつした) 足 (so-ku) = counter for socks/shoes (そく) 制服 (sei-fuku) = uniform/uniforms (せいふく) 寒かった (samu-katta) = it was cold (さむかった) Lesson 3[] 組 (ku-mi) = pair (くみ) 一組 (hito-kumi) = one pair of [1] (ひとくみ) 手袋 (te-bukuro) = glove/gloves (‘bag for the hands’) (てぶくろ) ベルト (be-ru-to) = belt/belts 革 (ka-wa) = leather (かわ) 締める (shi-me-ru) = (1) to fasten; to tie; to tighten (v1, vt) (しめる) 締めてください (shi-me-te-ku-da-sai) = please fasten (しめてください) Lesson 4[] ジャケット (ja-ke-tto) = jacket 短いです (mi-ji-ka-i-desu) = it is short (みじかいです) 短くないです (mi-ji-ka-kunai-desu) = it is not short (みじかくないです) 半袖 (han-sode) = short sleeves (はんそで) 長袖 (naga-sode) = long sleeves (ながそで) Lesson 5[] いかがですか？(i-ka-ga-desu-ka) = how is it? サイズ (sa-i-zu) = size ぴったり (pi-tta-ri) = firmly/perfectly ぴったりです (pi-tta-ri-de-su) = it is perfect/it fits perfectly 着物 (ki-mono) = kimono (きもの) 黒帯 (kuro-obi) = black belt (くろおび) 浴衣 (yu-kata) = yukata/lightweight robe (ゆかた) 帯 (o-bi) = sash (おび) 背広 (se-biro) = business suit (せびろ) 締める (shi-me-ru) = to put on; to tie; to fasten; to tighten; to wear (necktie, belt) (しめる) 締めました (shi-me-ma-shi-ta) = put on (a belt) 着 (cha-ku) = counter for garments (ちゃく) 二着 (ni-chaku) = two pieces of clothing (にちゃく) 三着 (san-chaku) = three pieces of clothing (さんちゃく) 四着 (shi-chaku) = four pieces of clothing (しちゃく) Lesson 6[] 輪 (wa) = circle (わ) 指輪 (yubi-wa) = ring/rings (ゆびわ) きつい (ki-tsu-i) = it/this is tight/hard はめる (ha-me-ru) = (1) to put on (something that envelops, e.g. gloves, ring); to insert; (...) (v1, vt) (uk) (oK) はめました (ha-me-ma-shi-ta) = I put on はめていました (ha-me-te-i-ma-shi-ta) = I was wearing 外す (hazu-su) = (1) to take off; to remove; to detach; (...) (v5s, vt) (はずす) 外しました (ha-zu-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I took off/removed (はずしました) 外してください (ha-zu-shi-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please take off (はずしてください) のボタンを外しました (no-bo-tan-o-ha-zu-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I unbuttoned it (のボタンをはずしました) ゆるい (yu-ru-i) = loose === Skill 18 - Seasons === Lesson 1[] ごまかされなかった。= I was not deceived. 彼女は生きる意欲を失うことはなかった。　失う＝　うしなう　＋こと　いきるいよくい She had never lost her will to live. will =いよく＝意欲 She had never lost her will to live. will =いよく＝意欲 桜 = cherry blossom 春は桜の季節です。= Spring is the season for cherry blossoms. * 咲いた = have bloomed 桜の花が咲いた。= The cherry blossom flowers have bloomed. * お花見 = see the cherry blossoms お花見に行きませんか？= Why don't we go to see the cherry blossoms? * 待ち遠しい = cannot wait for　　まちどおしい　待ち遠しい 夏休みが待ち遠しいなあ。= I cannot wait for summer vacation. * 咲くの = blooming　　咲く　の　　　　ばら　＝バラ＝rose 桜が咲くのが待ち遠しい。= I cannot wait for the blooming of the cherry blossoms. *　さく＝咲く　待ち遠しい 週末が待ち遠しかったよ。= I could not wait for the weekend, you know. * 四季 = four seasons 日本には四季があります。= We have four seasons in Japan. *　しき＝四季　 日本は四季がはっかりしたはっきりしている。　the four season are distinct in japan 四季の中では春が一番好きです。= Of all the seasons, I like spring the most. * 時期 = season 春は木を植える時期です。= Springtime is the season to plant trees. * 上野公園に花見に出かけた。= I went to see the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park. * はなみ＝花見 花見客 = cherry blossom viewer　　はなみきゃく　きゃく＝客 上野公園は花見客でいっぱいだった。= Ueno Park was filled with cherry blossom viewers. * 花見には今が一番いい時期だ。= Now is the best time to see the cherry blossoms. * 試験の時期はここの図書館は学生でいっぱいだ。= This library is filled with students during the exam period. * Lesson 2[] 盆 = Bon Festival　ぼん　お盆　おぼん　＝Bon　fesrival かき氷 = shaved ice　　かきこおり　氷＝こおり お祭りでかき氷を食べた。= I ate shaved ice at the festival. * 明けた = begun/ended　明けた　＝　あけた 新しい年が明けた。= The new year has begun. * 梅雨 = rainy season　　つゆ＝梅雨 梅雨が明けた。= The rainy season has ended. * 新しい年が明けた　has　begun　明け＝あけ 始まり　begin　ーー　　　　　明ける？ 梅雨はいつ始まりますか？= When will the rainy season begin? * お盆 = Bon Festival お盆が近づいている。= The Bon Festival is approaching. *　ちかづいて＝ちかづいて＝近づいて 実家 = parents' house　じっかー実家 実家からりんごが届いた。= Apples arrived from my parents' house. *　　じっか＝実家　　届いた＝とどいた 屋台 = food stall　やたい＝屋台 この屋台はかき氷を売らない。= This food stall does not sell shaved ice. * 盆踊り = the Bon Festival dance　ぼんおどり＝盆踊り 父は盆踊りで屋台を出した。= My dad set up a food stall at the Bon Festival dance. * 明けましておめでとうございます！= Happy New Year! * 夜が明けるの = dawn　　よるがあける　夜幕降临　の＋を　＋まちました...... 私たちは夜が明けるのを待ちました。= We waited for dawn. * 彼の奥さんは今実家に帰っている。= His wife is now staying at her parents' house. * 梅雨が始まりました。= The rainy season has begun. * Lesson 3[] 紅葉 = autumn leaves　こうよう　”もみじ”　autumn foliage もう紅葉の時期は終わりました。= The season for autumn leaves has already ended. * 団子 = dango　　だんご 花より団子。= Dango over flowers. *　【惯用语】舍华求实；不求风流，但求实惠　实在比什么都重要 陽気に = cheerfully 彼女は陽気に笑った。= She laughed cheerfully. * 日光 = Nikko　にっこう 彼女は先週日光へ旅行した。= She traveled to Nikko last week. * ぽかぽか = warm and cozy 暖烘烘 暖和和 ぽかぽかのお風呂に入りたい。= I want to get into a warm and cozy bath. * 月見をします = go moon viewing Xgo viewing moon　つきみ＝月見　moon-viewing 九月の中ごろに月見をします。= We go moon viewing around the middle of September. * 紅葉狩りをした = hunted for autumn leaves もみじがり　もみじ＝こうよう＝紅葉　　狩り＝がり 紅葉狩り　ｎ.　　サ変動詞　＋を＋した 彼らは日光で紅葉狩りをした。= They hunted for autumn leaves in Nikko. * お月見のために日光へ旅行した。= I traveled to Nikko for a moon-viewing. *　おつきみのために 陽気 = weather　ようき＝ようき＝陽気 　季节，时令；　开朗，朝气蓬勃 そちらの陽気はどうでしたか。　How is the weather there. 彼女は陽気に笑った　she laughed cheerfully. わらった＝笑った 春らしい陽気になった。= The weather has become springlike. * 私の友達は団子の作り方を教えてくれた。= My friend taught me how to make dango. * 春の陽気で体がぽかぽかするね。= My body is nice and warm in the spring weather. * iswent nice and warm in the spring weather 温泉に入って体がぽかぽかだ。= My body is nice and warm after going into the hot spring. * is nice and warm after going into is going to これは花見団子ですか、それとも月見団子ですか？= Are these flower-viewing dango or moon-viewing dango? * 丘は紅葉がきれいだ。= The hills have pretty autumn foliage. * 屋台で団子を注文した。= I ordered dango at the food stall. *　　だんご＝団子 これは花見団子ですか、それともつきみだんごですか？ Are these was flower-viewing dango or moon-viewing dango ? Lesson 4[] 札幌 = Sapporo 大晦日 = New Year's Eve　　おおみそか 福袋 = grab bag ふくぶくろ　＝ふくぶくろ＝福袋 福袋の中を見たの？= Did you look inside the grab bag? * 元日 = New Year's day　　がんじつ＝元日 一月一日は元日です。= January first is New Year's Day. * 札幌は大きな都市です。= Sapporo is a big city. * 元日には神社へ行く日本人は多いです。= There are many Japanese people who go to Shinto shrines on New Year's Day. * 正月 = New Year 私たちは正月を祝った。= We celebrated the New Year. * 大晦日にそばを食べます。= We eat soba on New Year's Eve. *　おおみそか＝大晦日　New year's eve 大晦日にパーティーを開きます。　ひらき＝開き　throw a party 大晦日をどのようなに過ごすのですか？　どうのように　　すごす＝過ごす　spend　のですか 正月は親戚がうちに集まる。= My relatives gather at home for the New Year. * お正月 = New Year　しょうがつ＝正月 デパートでお正月の福袋を買った。= I bought a New Year's grab bag at the department store. * でぱーと＝デパート＝department　store わざと =　on　purpose/ 意図 的 = いとてき　intentional　deliberate すんぜん =　寸前 飛行機は 離陸 寸前 だった。= The plane was On the verge of taking off === Skill 19 - Cooking_2 === Lesson 1[] 主な (o-mo-na) = main まず (ma-zu) = first of all 夕べ (yū-be) = last night 夕べはたっぷり寝た (yū-be-wa-ta-ppu-ri-ne-ta) = Last night I got plenty of sleep 計った (ha-ka-tta) = I measured 計ります (ha-ka-ri-ma-su) = I measure 水は飲んで (mi-zu-wa-non-de) = drink water 小麦粉 (ko-mu-gi-ko) = flour Lesson 2[] ...を蒸してください (...-wo-mu-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = please steam ... ...を蒸しました (...-wo-mu-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I steamed ... ...を茹でてください (...-wo-yu-de-te-ku-da-sai) = please boil ... 茹ですぎた (yu-de-su-gi-ta) = I overboiled/I boiled too much 揚げた (a-ge-ta) = I deep-fried 天ぷらを揚げるの (tem-pu-ra-wo-a-ge-ru-no) = the deep-frying of tempura 食べた (ta-be-ta) = I ate 電子レンジ (den-shi-ren-ji) = microwave 電子レンジの調子がおかしい (den-shi-ren-ji-no-chō-shi-ga-o-ka-shī) = the microwave is acting up/behaving strangely ("the microwave's condition is odd / fishy / strange") これを食べると、死ぬ (ko-re-wo-ta-be-ru-to, shi-nu) = If you eat this you die Lesson 3[] ...を冷凍して (...-wo-rei-tō-shi-te) = freeze ... 残ったご飯は冷凍しておいてね (no-ko-tta-go-han-wa-rei-tō-shi-te-oi-te-ne) = Freeze the leftover rice, would you? ...を冷凍されている (...-wo-rei-tō-sa-re-te-i-ru) = ... is frozen ...を解凍して (...-wo-kai-tō-shi-te) = defrost ... ...を解凍しておいた (...-wo-kai-tō-shi-te-o-i-ta) = I defrosted ... in advance 食器洗い機 (sho-kki-a-rai-ki) = dishwasher 食器 (sho-kki) = dishes 私の洗う番 (wa-ta-shi-no-a-ra-u-ban) = my turn to wash ("my washing turn") もう加えて (mō-ku-wa-e-te) = add more ...を加えなさい (...-wo-ku-wa-e-na-sai) = add ... ...を加える (...-wo-ku-wa-e-ru) = to add ... [From Skill: Cooking 3; Lesson 2] 仕上げ (shi-a-ge) = the finish of something/a finish/a last improvement ...を仕上げよう (...-wo-shi-a-ge-yō) = let's finish ... ...を仕上げなければならない (...-wo-shi-a-ge-na-ke-re-ba-na-ra-nai) = I have to finish ... Lesson 4[] 涼しくて乾燥した場所 (su-zu-shi-ku-te-kan-sō-shi-ta-ba-sho) = a cool and dry place ...に保存してください (...-ni-ho-zon-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = please store at ... ...で保存しなさい (...-de-ho-zon-shi-na-sai) = Store in ... 冷凍庫 (rei-tō-ko) = freezer 米 / お米 (ko-me / o-ko-me) = rice スーパー (sū-pā) = supermarket Lesson 5[] 白米 (ha-ku-mai) = white rice 玄米 (gen-mai) = brown rice 小豆 (a-dzu-ki) = adzuki beans/ red mung beans 茹で小豆 (yu-de-a-dzu-ki) = boiled adzuki beans/ red mung beans 栄養のある (ei-yō-no-a-ru) = nutritious 栄養 (ei-yō) = nutrition 栄養 (ei-yō) = nutritional value 栄養が入っているんです (ei-yō-ga-hai-tte-i-run-de-su) = it contains nutritional value さつまいも (sa-tsu-mai-mo) = sweet potatoes 白米より玄米のほうが健康にいいらしい (ha-ku-mai-yo-ri-ken-mai-no-hō-ga-ken-kō-ni-ī-ra-shī) = Brown rice is supposed to be healthier than white rice. Lesson 6[] 抹茶 (mat-cha) = Matcha（まっちゃ） 和菓子 (wa-ga-shi) = Japanese sweets 餅 (mo-chi) = Japanese rice cakes お好み焼き (o-ko-no-mi-ya-ki) = savoury Japanese pancakes ...を焼いた (...-wo-yai-ta) = I toasted ... 伝統 (den-tō) = tradition 伝統的な (den-tō-te-ki-na) = traditional Lesson 7[] 豊富にある (hō-fu-ni-a-ru) = there is plenty のりはビタミンAが豊富だ (no-ri-wa-bi-ta-min-ei-ga-hō-fu-da) = In seaweed vitamin A is rich 食欲 (sho-ku-yo-ku) = appetite 食欲がなくなる (sho-ku-yo-ku-ga-na-ku-na-ru) = you will lose appetite 食欲がなくても食べたほうがいいです (sho-ku-yo-ku-ga-na-ku-te-mo-ta-be-ta-hō-ga-ī-de-su) = even if you have no appetite, you should eat ...を含んでいる (...-wo-fu-kun-de-i-ru) = it contains ... 含まれます (fu-ku-ma-re-ma-su) = it is included ...が含まれている (...-ga-fu-ku-ma-re-te-i-ru) = it contains ... 食料品 (sho-ku-ryō-hin) = groceries 食料 (sho-ku-ryō) = groceries 現金が不足している (gen-kin-ga-fu-so-ku-shi-te-i-ru) = money is lacking / being deficient ビタミン (bi-ta-min) = vitamin ビタミンａ(bi-ta-min-ei) = vitamin a ビタミン b (bi-ta-min-bī) = vitamin b ビタミン c (bi-ta-min-shī) = vitamin c 怒って振り返らないで (o-ko-tte-fu-ri-ka-e-ra-nai-de) = Don't look back in anger === Skill 20 - Konbini === Lesson 1[] 袋 (fukuro) = (1) bag/bags; sack; pouch (ふくろ) お菓子 (o-ka-shi) = snacks (おかし) 少々 (shou-shou) = a bit/a little/a moment (しょうしょう) 座る (suwa-ru) = to sit; to squat; to assume (a position) (すわる) お座り (o-su-wa-ri) = have/take a seat (おすわり) お座りください (o-su-wa-ri-ku-da-sai) = please have/take a seat (おすわりください) 入る (hai-ru) = to enter; to go into (はいる) お入り (o-hai-ri) = come in/enter (おはいり) お入りください (o-hai-ri-ku-da-sai) = please come in (おはいりください) 待つ (ma-tsu) = to wait; to await; to look forward to (まつ) お待ち (o-ma-chi) = wait (おまち) お待ちください (o-ma-chi-ku-da-sai) = please wait (おまちください) 要る (i-ru) = to be needed; to be wanted (いる) Lesson 2[] 温める (atata-me-ru) = to heat; to warm (v1, vt) (P) (あたためる) 温めて (atata-me-te) = heat it up (あたためて) 温めてください (atata-me-te-ku-da-sai) = please heat it up (あたためてください) 温めました (atata-me-ma-shi-ta) = I heated up (あたためました) 揚げ (a-ge) = fried (あげ) 唐揚げ (kara-a-ge) = fried chicken (からあげ) おにぎり (o-ni-gi-ri) = a rice ball/rice balls フライドポテト (fu-ra-i-do-po-te-to) = french fries/chips Lesson 3[] レシート (re-shii-to) = receipt 内 (u-chi) = inside (うち) 店内で (ten-nai-de) = in the store (てんないで) もよろしいですか？(mo-yo-ru-shi-i-de-su-ka) = may I? よろしい (yo-ro-shi-i) = you may よろしいですか？(yo-ro-shi-i-de-su-ka) = would you like? お願いします (o-ne-ga-i-shi-ma-su) = I would like (おねがいします) 大丈夫です (dai-jou-bu-de-su) = it's okay I do not need it (だいじょうぶです) 持ち帰る (mo-chi-kae-ru) = to bring back home; to take out (e.g. food); (...) (v5r, vt) (P) (もちかえる) 持ち帰ります (mo-chi-kae-ri-ma-su) = I will take it home (もちかえります) 持ち帰りました (mo-chi-kae-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I took it home/brought it back/got 'x' to go (もちかえりました) お持ち帰りですか？(o-mo-chi-kae-ri-de-su-ka) = will you take it home? (おもちかえりですか) 召す (me-su) = (2) (polite verb used exclusively to ask other people) to eat; to drink (v5s, vt) (めす) 召し上がる (me-shi-a-ga-ru) = to eat; to drink (polite) (めしあがる) お召し上がり (o-me-shi-a-ga-ri) = eat (polite, formal) (おめしあがり) どうぞお召し上がりください (dou-zo o-me-shi-a-ga-ri-ku-da-sai) = please enjoy your meal (どうぞおめしあがりください) どうぞ召し上がって (dou-zo me-shi-a-ga-tte) = help yourself (どうぞめしあがって) 召し上がりますか？(me-shi-a-ga-ri-ma-su-ka) = will you be eating? (めしあがりますか) === Skill 21 - Home_1 === Counted noun + が + Number + Counter 鳥が三羽 = three birds 鳥が三羽 = three birds 家にトイレがあります = There is a bathroom in the house. Lesson 1[] テーブル (tee-bu-ru) = table/tables ペット (pe-tto) = pet/pets トイレ (to-i-re) = toilet/bathroom/restroom どこ (do-ko) = where Lesson 2[] 部屋 (he-ya) = room (へや) 風呂 (fu-ro) = bathtub (ふろ) あります (a-ri-masu) = there is ありません (a-ri-ma-sen) = there is no ではありません (de-wa-ari-ma-sen) = it is not どこにありますか？(do-ko-ni-a-ri-ma-su-ka) = where is it? Lesson 3[] 家 (ie / u-chi) = house (いえ / うち) 台 (dai) = table (だい) 所 (to-ko-ro) = place (ところ) 台所 (dai-dokoro) = kitchen (だいどころ) 寝室 (shin-shitsu) = bedroom (しんしつ) ここ (ko-ko) = this place に (ni) = location marker Lesson 4[] 庭 (ni-wa) = garden/yard (にわ) 窓 (ma-do) = window/windows (まど) そこ (so-ko) = there (close to listener) あそこ (a-so-ko) = over there (far from both speaker and listener) にあります (ni-a-ri-ma-su) = it is います (i-ma-su) = there is/are いません (i-ma-sen) = there is/are not Lesson 5[] 犬 (i-nu) = dog/dogs (いぬ) 猫 (ne-ko) = cat/cats (ねこ) 鳥 (to-ri) = bird/birds (とり) 羽 (wa) = counter for birds/rabbits (わ) 一羽 (ichi-wa) = one (bird/rabbit) (いちわ) 二羽 (ni-wa) = two (birds/rabbits) (にわ) 三羽 (san-ba/san-wa) = three (birds/rabbits) (さんば/さんわ) 五羽 (go-wa) = five (birds/rabbits) (ごわ) 七羽 (nana-wa) = seven (birds/rabbits) (ななわ) Lesson 6[] 椅子 (i-su) = chair/chairs (いす) 机 (tsu-kue) = desk/desks (つくえ) ソファー (so-faa) = sofa/sofas 子 (ko) = child/young animal (こ) 子犬 (ko-inu) = puppy/puppies (こいぬ) 子猫 (ko-neko) = kitten/kittens (こねこ) あの (a-no) = um, ah あそこです (a-so-ko-de-su) = it is over there === Skill 22 - Intro_3 === Lesson 1[] 京都 (kyou-to) = Kyoto (きょうと) 東京 (tou-kyou) = Tokyo (とうきょう) 住んでいます (su-n-de-i-masu) = I live (すんでいます) 住んでいません (su-n-de-i-ma-sen) = I do not live (すんでいません) Lesson 2[] 阪 (sa-ka) = slope (さか) 大阪 (oosaka) = Osaka (おおさか) 歳 (sai) = years old (さい) 一歳 (i-ssai) = one year old (いっさい) 二歳 (ni-sai) = two years old (にさい) 四歳 (yon-sai) = four years old (よんさい) 五歳 (go-sai) = five years old (ごさい) 六歳 (roku-sai) = six years old (ろくさい) 十六歳 (juu-roku-sai) = sixteen years old (じゅうろくさい) 十八歳 (juu-ha-sai) = eighteen years old (じゅうはさい) 三十二歳 (san-juu-nisai) = thirty two years old (さんじゅうにさい) 申し (mou-shi) = to be called (もうし) 申します (mou-shi-ma-su) = my name is (もうします) Lesson 3[] 留学 (ryuu-gaku) = study abroad りゅうがく 留学生 (ryuu-gaku-sei) = foreign exchange student (りゅうがくせい ) 外国人 (gai-koku-jin) = foreigner (がいこくじん) そうです (sou-desu) = that is right よ (yo) = you know ね (ne) = isn't it/isn't there? よね (yo-ne) = right? よろしくね (yo-ro-shi-ku-ne) = nice to meet you Lesson 4[] 年生 (nen-sei) = school grade/year (ねんせい ) 二年生 (ni-nen-sei) = second grader (にねんせい) 四年生 (yo-nen-sei) = fourth grader (よねんせい) 違い (chi-gai) = difference (ちがい) 小学 (shou-gaku) = elementary/primary school (しょうがく) 小学生 (shou-gaku-sei) = elementary school student (しょうがくせい) 中学生 (chuu-gaku-sei) = middle school student (ちゅうがくせい) 私 (wa-ta-shi) = I/me (わたし) Lesson 5[] 違います (chiga-i-masu) = that is not right (ちがいます) たち (tachi) = pluralising suffix 大学 (dai-gaku) = university/college (だいがく) 大学生 (dai-gaku-sei) = university/college student (だいがくせい) 大学生たち (dai-gaku-sei-tachi) = university/college students (だいがく-せい-たち) 高校 (kou-kou) = high school (こうこう) 高校生 (kou-kou-sei) = high school student (こうこうせい) 高校生たち (kou-kou-sei-tachi) = high school students (こうこうせいたち) 中学生たち (chuu-gaku-sei-tachi) = middle school students (ちゅうがく-せい-たち) 小学生たち (shou-gaku-sei-tachi) = elementary school students (しょうがく-せい-たち) Lesson 6[] 直美 (nao-mi) = Naomi (female name) (なおみ) 健太 (ken-ta) = Kenta (male name) (けんた) === Skill 23 - Activity_1 === 家にいます = I am staying at home -> 家にいました = I was staying at home. パンを食べません = I am not eating bread. -> パンを食べませんでした = I was not eating bread. Lesson 1[] 働きます (ha-ta-ra-ki-masu) = I work (はたらきます) 時間 (ji-kan) = time, hour/hours (じかん) いつ (i-tsu) = when, what time 来ます (ki-ma-su) = to come (きます) 来ますか？ (ki-ma-su-ka) = is ... going to come? (きますか) Lesson 2[] 仕事 (shi-goto) = job, work (しごと) お仕事は？ (o-shi-go-to-wa) = what is your job? (おしごとは) 今日 (kyou) = today (きょう) パーティー (paa-tii) = party/parties ました (ma-shi-ta)= did (past tense) 家にいます (i-e-ni-i-ma-su) = I am staying home (いえにいます) 買います (kai-ma-su) = I buy/I will buy (かいます) 買いますか？ (kai-ma-su-ka) = will you buy it? (かいますか) します (shi-ma-su) = I will do/I will have Lesson 3[] 昨日 (ki-nou) = yesterday (きのう) ませんでした (ma-sen-de-shi-ta) = did not (past tense) 勉強 (ben-kyou) = study (べんきょう) 勉強します (ben-kyou-shi-ma-su) = I study (べんきょうします) 勉強しません (ben-kyou-shi-ma-sen) = I will not study (べんきょうしません) 勉強しませんでした (ben-kyou-shi-ma-sen-de-shi-ta) = I did not study (べんきょうしませんでした) 来ました (ki-ma-shi-ta) = I came (きました) 仕事でした (shi-go-to-de-shi-ta) = I worked (しごとでした) Lesson 4[] 曜日 (you-bi) = day of the week (ようび) 日曜日 (ni-chi-you-bi) = Sunday (にちようび) と (to) = with 友達 (to-mo-da-chi) = friend/friends (ともだち) Lesson 5[] 金曜日 (kin-you-bi) = Friday (きんようび) 土曜日 (do-you-bi) = Saturday (どようび) 明日 (a-shi-ta) = tomorrow (あした) 忙しい (i-so-ga-shii) = busy (いそがしい) Lesson 6[] 月 (tsu-ki/ge-tsu) = month/moon (つき/げつ） 月曜日 (ge-tsu-you-bi) = Monday (げつようび) 火曜日 (ka-you-bi) = Tuesday (かようび) 水曜日 (sui-you-bi) = Wednesday (すいようび) 木曜日 (mo-ku-you-bi) = Thursday (もくようび) 明後日 (a-sa-tte) = the day after tomorrow (あさって) Lesson 7[] 平日 (hei-ji-tsu) = weekdays (へいじつ) 週末 (shuu-ma-tsu) = weekend/weekends (しゅうまつ) 一昨日 (o-to-to-i) = the day before yesterday (おととい) から (ka-ra) = from まで (ma-de) = to/until === Skill 24 - Position === 本は猫の上にあります = The book is on top of the cat. Lesson 1[] 右 (mi-gi) = right (みぎ) 左 (hi-da-ri) = left (ひだり) 上 (u-e) = up/above (うえ) の上です (no-u-e-desu) = I am on top of (のうえです) 下 (shi-ta) = down, under (した) Lesson 2[] 本 (ho-n) = book/books (ほん) 外 (so-to) = outside (そと) 間 (ai-da) = between (あいだ) 中 (na-ka) = inside (なか) ちょっと (cho-tto) = a little, a little bit 買います (ka-i-ma-su) = I buy (かいます) 買いました (ka-i-ma-shi-ta) = I bought (かいました) 買いませんでした (ka-i-ma-sen-de-shi-ta) = I did not buy (かいませんでした) Lesson 3[] 隣 (to-na-ri) = next door/adjacent to (となり) 横 (yo-ko) = next to, beside (よこ) 前 (ma-e) = in front of (まえ) 後ろ (u-shi-ro) = behind (うしろ) たくさん (ta-ku-sa-n) = a lot Lesson 4[] 大きい (oo-kii) = big (おおきい) 小さい (chii-sai) = small (ちいさい) 冊 (sa-tsu) = counter for bound/wrapped objects (さつ) 本が七冊 (hon-ga-nana-satsu) = seven books (ほんがななさつ) 棚 (ta-na) = shelf (たな) 本棚 (hon-da-na) = bookshelf (ほんだな) ベッド (be-ddo) = bed うちの (u-chi-no) = our Lesson 5[] 隅 (su-mi) = corner (すみ) 片隅 (ka-ta-su-mi) = (in the) corner (かたすみ) 長い (na-gai) = long (ながい) 布団 (fu-ton) = futon (ふとん) Lesson 6[] 新しい (a-ta-ra-shii) = new (あたらしい) 古い (fu-rui) = old (objects, not people) (ふるい) 低い (hi-ku-i) = low (ひくい) テレビ (te-re-bi) = television/TV Lesson 7[] 鏡 (ka-ga-mi) = mirror (かがみ) 冷蔵庫 (rei-zou-ko) = refrigerator (れいぞうこ) === Skill 25 - Activity_2 === Lesson 1[] それから (so-re-ka-ra) = and then/after that (used for joining sentences together) しています (shi-te-i-ma-su) = doing してください (shi-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please do 結婚 (ke-kkon) = marriage (けっこん) 結婚する (ke-kkon-su-ru) = to get married (けっこんする) 結婚していますか？(ke-kkon-shi-te-i-ma-su-ka) = is/are you married? (けっこんしていますか) 結婚しています (ke-kkon-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I am married (けっこんしています) 洗濯 (sen-taku) = laundry (せんたく) 洗濯する (sen-taku-su-ru) = (to) do the laundry (suru-verb) (せんたくする) 洗濯します (sen-taku-shi-ma-su) = I do/I will do the laundry (せんたくします) 掃除 (sou-ji) = cleaning; dusting; sweeping; scrubbing (そうじ) 掃除する (sou-ji-su-ru) = (to) clean up; (to) dust; (to) sweep; (to) scrub (suru-verb) (そうじする) 掃除してください (sou-ji-si-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please clean up (そうじしてください) 掃除しましょう (sou-ji-shi-ma-shou) = let's clean up (そうじしましょう) 家の掃除 (ie-no-sou-ji) = housework (いえのそうじ) 家の掃除をしてください (ie-no-sou-ji-wo-shi-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please do the housework (いえのそうじをしてください) Lesson 2[] すぐに (su-gu-ni) = immediately シャワー (sha-waa) = shower/showers どうやって = how; in what way; by what means 読む (yo-mu) = to read (よむ) 読んでいます (yo-n-de-i-ma-su) = I am reading (よんでいます) 読んでいますか？(yo-n-de-i-ma-su-ka) = are you reading? (よんでいますか) 読んでください (yo-n-de-ku-da-sa-i) = please read (よんでください) 浴びる (a-bi-ru) = (1) to take (a shower); to dash over oneself (e.g. water); (...) (v1, vt) (あびる) 浴びています (a-bi-te-i-ma-su) = am/is/are taking (a shower) (あびています) 浴びてください (a-bi-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please take (a shower) (あびてください) 浴びます (a-bi-ma-su) = I take (a shower) (あびます) 浴びません (a-bi-ma-se-n) = I do not take (showers) (あびません) 帰る (kae-ru) = (1) to go home; to return (to origin); to come home; to go back (v5r, vi) (かえる) 帰ってください (kae-tte-ku-da-sa-i) = please go home (かえってください) 帰っていいですか？(kae-tte-i-i-de-su-ka) = can I go home? (かえっていいですか) 帰ります (kae-ri-ma-su) = I go home (かえります) Lesson 3[] 開ける (a-ke-ru) = (1) to open (a door, etc.); to unlock; (...) (v1, vt) (あける) 開け (a-ke) = open (あけ) 開けて (a-ke-te) = open (あけて) 開けます (a-ke-ma-su) = I open/I will open (あけます) 開けてください (a-ke-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please open (あけてください) 飲む (no-mu) = to drink; to gulp; to swallow (のむ) 飲んでください (no-n-de-ku-da-sa-i) = please drink (のんでください) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 食べています (ta-be-te-i-ma-su) = I am eating (たべています) 食べてください (ta-be-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please eat (たべてください) 座る (suwa-ru) = (1) to sit; to squat; (2) to assume (a position) (v5r, vi) (すわる) 座って (suwa-tte) = sit (down) (すわって) 座ります (suwa-ri-ma-su) = I sit/I will sit (down) (すわります) 座りましたか？(suwa-ri-ma-shi-ta-ka) = did you sit? (すわりましたか) 座ってください (suwa-tte-ku-da-sa-i) = please sit (down) (すわってください) 書く (ka-ku) = to write; to compose; to pen (かく) 書いて (ka-i-te) = write (かいて) 書いています (ka-i-te-i-ma-su) = I am writing (かいています) 書いていません (ka-i-te-i-ma-se-n) = I am not writing (かいていません) 見る (mi-ru) = to see; to look; to watch; to view (みる) 見ましょう (mi-ma-shou) = let's watch (みましょう) Lesson 4[] 閉める (shi-me-ru) = to close; to shut (v1, vt) (P) (しめる) 閉め (shi-me) = close (しめ) 閉めてください (shi-me-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please close (しめてください) 閉めます (shi-me-ma-su) = I close/I will close (しめます) 閉めました (shi-me-ma-shi-ta) = I closed/it is closed (しめました) 電気 (den-ki) = electricity/the light/lights (でんき) つける (tsu-ke-ru) = (13) to turn on (light) (v1, vt) (uk) (verb with plenty of meanings) つけてください (tsu-ke-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please turn on つけました (tsu-ke-ma-shi-ta) = I turned on 立つ (ta-tsu) = (1) to stand up; to stand; to raise (v5t, vi) (たつ) 立ちましょう (ta-chi-ma-shou) = let's stand up (たちましょう) 立ちませんでした (ta-chi-ma-se-n-de-shi-ta) = I did not stand up (たちませんでした) 立っています (ta-tte-i-ma-su) = I am standing (たっています) 立ってください (ta-tte-ku-da-sa-i) = please stand up (たってください) 早い (haya-i) = early (adjective) (はやい) 早く (haya-ku) = early (adverb) (はやく) Lesson 5[] 帰る (kae-ru) = to go home; return (to origin); to come home; to go back (かえる) 帰りました (kae-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I went home (かえりました) ちょっと (cho-tto) = a little bit 少し (suko-shi) = little while / little bit (すこし) もう少し (mou-suko-shi) = a little while more / a little bit more (もうすこし) 待つ (ma-tsu) = (1) to wait; (2) to await; to look forward to; (...) (v5t, vt, vi) (まつ) 待ち (ma-chi) = wait (まち) 待ちます (ma-chi-ma-su) = I wait/I will wait (まちます) 待ちました (ma-chi-ma-shi-ta) = I waited (まちました) 待って (ma-tte) = wait (まって) 待っています (ma-tte-i-ma-su) = I am waiting (まっています) 待ってください (ma-tte-ku-da-sa-i) = please wait (まってください) 消す (ke-su) = (2) to turn off (power); (...); (1) to erase; to delete (v5s, vt) (けす) 消して (ke-shi-te) = turn off (けして) 消してください (ke-shi-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please turn off (けしてください) 消しました (ke-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I turned off (けしました) 勤める (tsuto-me-ru) = (1) to work (for); to be employed (at); (...) (v1, vt) (つとめる) 勤めて (tsuto-me-te) = employed as/at (つとめて) 勤めています (tsuto-me-te-i-ma-su) = I am working (つとめています) 勤めていました (tsuto-me-te-i-ma-shi-ta) = worked/employed (つとめていました) 勤めます (tsuto-me-ma-su) = I work/I will work (つとめます) 勤めました (tsuto-me-ma-shi-ta) = I worked (つとめました) Lesson 6[] ドア (do-a) = door ゆっくり = slowly 携帯電話 (kei-tai-den-wa) = mobile/cell phone (けいたいでんわ) 話をします (hanashi-wo-shi-ma-su) = we are going to talk (はなしをします) 台 (dai) = counter for machines and furniture (だい) 二台 (ni-dai) = two machines/furniture (にだい) 三台 (san-dai) = three machines/furniture (さんだい) 持つ (mo-tsu) = to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry (もつ) 持っています (mo-tte-i-ma-su) = to have/possess, to hold/carry (in my hand) (もっています) === Skill 26 - Hobby_1 === Lesson 1[] 映画 (ei-ga) = movie/movies (えいが) 書く (ka-ku) = (1) to write; to compose; to pen (v5k, vt) (かく) 書きます (ka-ki-masu) = I will write it (かきます) 書きました (ka-ki-mashi-ta) = I wrote it (かきました) 書きませんでした (ka-ki-ma-sen-deshi-ta) = I did not write it (かきませんでした) 見る (mi-ru) = (1) to see; to look; to watch; to view (v1, vt) (みる) 見ます (mi-ma-su) = I will see/watch it (みます) 見ました (mi-ma-shi-ta) = I saw/watched it (みました) 見ません (mi-ma-sen) = I do not see/watch it (みません) Lesson 2[] 手 (te) = hand (て) 紙 (ka-mi) = paper (かみ) 手紙 (te-gami) = letter/letters (てがみ) 歌 (u-ta) = song/songs (うた) 歌う (uta-u) = (1) to sing; (2) to compose or recite a poem (v5u, vt, vi) (うたう) 歌います (uta-i-ma-su) = I sing (うたいます) 歌いません (uta-i-ma-sen) = I do not sing (うたいません) 歌いました (uta-i-ma-shi-ta) = I sang (うたいました) 読む (yo-mu) = (1) to read; (2) to recite; to chant (v5m, vt) (よむ) 読みます (yo-mi-ma-su) = I read (よみます) 読みません (yo-mi-ma-se-n) = I do not read (よみません) Lesson 3[] 散歩 (san-po) = walk; stroll (さんぽ) 散歩する (san-po-su-ru) = (to) take a walk; to take a stroll (suru-verb) (さんぽする) 散歩します (san-po-shi-ma-su) = I go on walks (さんぽします) 散歩しません (san-po-shi-ma-se-n) = I do not go on walks (さんぽしません) 絵 (e) = picture/pictures (え) 描く (ka-ku) = (1) to draw; to paint; to sketch (v5k, vt) (かく) 描きます (ka-ki-ma-su) = I draw (かきます) 描きません (ka-ki-ma-se-n) = I do not draw (かきません) Lesson 4[] 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = (1) to swim (v5g, vi) (およぐ) 泳ぎ (o-yo-gi) = swim (およぎ) 泳ぎます (o-yo-gi-ma-su) = I swim/will swim (およぎます) 泳ぎません (o-yo-gi-ma-se-n) = I do not swim (およぎません) 泳ぎました (o-yo-gi-ma-shi-ta) = I swam (およぎました) 走る (hashi-ru) = (1) to run; (2) to drive; (3) to dash (v5r, vi) (はしる) 走り (ha-shi-ri) = run (はしり) 走ります (ha-shi-ri-masu) = I run (はしります) 走りません (ha-shi-ri-ma-sen) = do not run (はしりません) 走りました (ha-shi-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I ran (はしりました) 習う (nara-u) = to learn (from a teacher); to take lessons in; to be taught; (...) (v5u, vt) (ならう) 習い (na-ra-i) = learn (ならい) 習います (na-ra-i-ma-su) = I learn/will learn/am going to learn (ならいます) あまり (a-ma-ri) = not a lot/not very often/not much たくさん (ta-ku-san) = a lot Lesson 5[] 音楽 (on-ga-ku) = music (おんがく) 聞く (ki-ku) = (2) to listen (to music); (1) to hear; (...) (v5k, vt) (きく) 聞き (ki-ki) = listen (きき) 聞きます (ki-ki-ma-su) = I listen (ききます) 聞きません (ki-ki-ma-sen) = I do not listen (ききません) 遊ぶ (aso-bu) = (1) to play (games, sports); to have a good time; (...) (v5b, vi) (あそぶ) 遊び (a-so-bi) = play (あそび) 遊びます (a-so-bi-ma-su) = I play/will play (あそびます) 遊びました (a-so-bi-ma-shi-ta) = I played (あそびました) Lesson 6[] 写真 (sha-shin) = photo/photos/pictures (しゃしん) 撮る (to-ru) = (1) to take (a photo); (2) to record (video, audio, etc.) (v5r, vt) (とる) 撮ります (to-ri-ma-su) = I take/will take (as in 'I take a photo') (とります) 撮りました (to-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I took (とりました) 枚 (ma-i) = counter for flat objects (まい) 一枚 (ichi-mai) = one sheet/slice/flat thing (いちまい) 二枚 (ni-mai) = two sheets/slices/flat things (にまい) 四枚 (yon-mai) = four sheets/slices/flat things (よんまい) 五枚 (go-mai) = five sheets/slices/flat things (ごまい) 百枚 (hyaku-mai) = a hundred sheets/slices/flat things (ひゃくまい) 二百枚 (ni-hyaku-mai) = two hundred sheets/slices/flat things (にひゃくまい) 良く (yo-ku) = often/well (よく) いつも (i-tsu-mo) = always === Skill 27 - Transit_1 === Lesson 1[] 車 (ku-ru-ma) = car (くるま) 電車 (den-sha) = train/trains (でんしゃ) タクシー (ta-ku-shii) = taxi/taxis 乗る (no-ru) = (1) to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to board; (...) (v5r, vi) (のる) 乗ります (no-ri-ma-su) = I ride/take/get on (のります) 乗りません (no-ri-ma-se-n) = I do not ride/take/get on (のりません) Lesson 2[] 鉄 (te-tsu) = iron (てつ) 地下鉄 (chi-ka-tetsu) = subway/subways (ちかてつ) 自転車 (ji-ten-sha) = bike/bicycle/bicycles (じてんしゃ) 使う (tsuka-u) = (1) to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; (...) (v5u, vt) (つかう) 使います (tsuka-i-ma-su) = I use/I will use it (つかいます) - [pronounced (ts-kai-masu)] Lesson 3[] バス (ba-su) = bus/buses 空港 (kuu-kou) = airport (くうこう) 駅 (e-ki) = station/train station (えき) 歩く (aru-ku) = to walk (v5k, vi) (P) (あるく) 歩きます (aru-ki-masu) = I walk/I will walk (あるきます) まで (ma-de) = to (a destination) Lesson 4[] 地図 (chi-zu) = map (ちず) ホテル (ho-te-ru) = hotel 飛行機 (hi-kou-ki) = airplane/airplanes (ひこうき) - [pronounced with an almost silent "i" in the first syllable] Lesson 5[] 遠い (too-i) = far (とおい) 近い (chika-i) = near (ちかい) - [pronounced with an almost silent "i" in the first syllable] 速い (haya-i) = fast (はやい) 遅い (oso-i) = slow/late (おそい) Lesson 6[] 遠く (too-ku) = far away (とおく) 遠くない (too-ku-nai) = not far (とおくない) 近くない (chika-ku-nai) = not near (ちかくない) 速くない (haya-ku-nai) = not fast/quickly (はやくない) 遅くない (oso-ku-nai) = not late/slow (おそくない) くらい (ku-rai) = about/around かかり (ka-ka-ri) = take <- かかる (ka-ka-ru) どれくらい (do-re-ku-rai) = how long/how much/how (measurement e.g. how strong) かかりますか (ka-ka-ri-masu-ka) = will/does it take (time) も (mo) = neither... nor (particle) === Skill 28 - Clothes_1 === Lesson 1[] コート (koo-to) = coat シャツ (sha-tsu) = shirt 赤い (aka-i) = red (あかい) 白い (shiro-i) = white (しろい) Lesson 2[] 着る (ki-ru) = (1) to wear (from the shoulders down); to put on (v1, vt) (きる) 着ます (ki-ma-su) = wear/wears (for the whole or upper body) (きます) 着ました (ki-ma-shi-ta) = wore (for the whole or upper body) (きました) 青い (ao-i) = blue (あおい) 黄色い (ki-iro-i) = yellow (きいろい) セーター (see-taa) = sweater/sweaters Lesson 3[] 履く (ha-ku) = (1) to put on/to wear (lower-body clothing); to wear (v5k, vt) (はく) 履きます (ha-ki-ma-su) = wear/wears (for lower body) (はきます) 履きました (ha-ki-ma-shi-ta) = wore/put on (for lower body) (はきました) オレンジ色 (o-re-n-ji-iro) = orange (オレンジいろ) パンツ (pa-n-tsu) = underwear スカート (su-kaa-to) = skirt 靴 (ku-tsu) = shoes (くつ) - [pronounced (k-tsu) with a silent u on the first syllable] ズボン (zu-bo-n) = pants/trousers Lesson 4[] 服 (fu-ku) = clothes/clothing (ふく) 黒い (kuro-i) = black (くろい) 茶色 (cha-iro) = brown (ちゃいろ) ピンク色 (pi-n-ku-iro) = pink (ピンクいろ) 洗う (ara-u) = (1) to wash; to cleanse; to rinse (v5u, vt) (あらう) 洗います (ara-i-ma-su) = wash/will wash (あらいます) 洗いました (ara-i-ma-shi-ta) = washed (あらいました) 洗いません (ara-i-ma-sen) = do/does not wash (あらいません) Lesson 5[] 被る (kabu-ru) = (1) to put on (one's head); to wear; (...) (v5r, vt) (かぶる) 被り (kabu-ri) = I wear/I will wear (for the head) (かぶり) 帽子 (bou-shi) = hat/hats (ぼうし) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = I want (ほしい) 欲しくない (ho-shi-ku-nai) = I do not want (ほしくない) 脱ぐ (nu-gu) = to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress (v5g, vt) (ぬぐ) 脱ぎます (nu-gi-ma-su) = I will take off/remove (ぬぎます) 脱ぎました (nu-gi-ma-shi-ta) = I took off/removed (ぬぎました) Lesson 6[] 冬 (fu-yu) = winter (ふゆ) 春 (ha-ru) = spring (はる) 夏 (na-tsu) = summer (なつ) 秋 (a-ki) = autumn/fall (あき) Lesson 7[] ゆるい (yu-ru-i) = loose ゆるくない (yu-ru-ku-na-i) = not loose 新しくない (a-ta-ra-shi-ku-na-i) = not new (あたらしくない) 高くない (ta-ka-ku-na-i) = not expensive (たかくない) 安くない (ya-su-ku-na-i) = not cheap (やすくない ) 長くない (na-ga-ku-na-i) = not long (ながくない) 古くない (fu-ru-ku-na-i) = not old (ふるくない) === Skill 29 - Hobby_2 === Lesson 1[] 公園 (kou-en) = park (こうえん) プール (puu-ru) = pool 一緒に (i-ssho-ni) = together (いっしょに) 今週 (kon-shuu) = this week (こんしゅう) (verb) + ませんか (ma-sen-ka) = would you like to (verb)? Lesson 2[] 映画館 (ei-ga-kan) = cinema/movie theater (えいがかん) 会う (a-u) = (1) to meet; to encounter; to see (v5u, vi) (あう) 会います (a-i-ma-su) = meet (あいます) 会いました (a-i-ma-shi-ta) = I met (あいました) (verb) + ましょう (ma-shou) = let's (verb) (verb) + ましょうか (ma-shou-ka) = shall we (verb)? 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 泳ぎましょう (oyo-gi-ma-shou) = let's swim (およぎましょう) またね (ma-ta-ne) = see you later 来週 (rai-shuu) = next week (らいしゅう) また (ma-ta) = again/also また来週 (ma-ta-rai-shuu) = see you next week (またらいしゅう) 来月 (rai-getsu) = next month (らいげつ) Lesson 3[] 忙しくない (isoga-shi-ku-na-i) = I am not busy (いそがしくない) 今月 (kon-getsu) = this month (こんげつ) さあ (sa-a) = come on, I'm not sure, well/now 行く (i-ku) = to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location) (いく) 行きましょう (i-ki-ma-shou) = let's go (いきましょう) 来る (ki-ru) = to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive (きる) 電話 (den-wa) = telephone (でんわ) かける = (4) to make (a call) (v1, vt) (uk) (verb with lots of meanings) 電話をかける (den-wa wo ka-ke-ru) = to make a phone call; to telephone (exp, v1) (でんわをかける) 電話をかけます (den-wa wo ka-ke-ma-su) = I call/will call on the phone (でんわをかけます) 何も (nani-mo) = nothing (なにも) Lesson 4[] 先週 (sen-shuu) = last week (せんしゅう) 先月 (sen-getsu) = last month (せんげつ) 電話をかけました (den-wa-wo-ka-ke-ma-shi-ta) = I called on the phone (でんわをかけました) 教える (oshi-e-ru) = (1) to teach; to instruct (v1, vt) (おしえる) 教えます (o-shi-e-ma-su) = I teach (おしえます) ピアノ (pi-a-no) = piano 弾く (hi-ku) = to play (a stringed instrument or keyboard) (v5k, vt) (P) (ひく) 弾きます (hi-ki-ma-su) = I play (a stringed instrument) (ひきます) 弾きません (hi-ki-ma-sen) = do/does not play (a stringed instrument) (ひきません) 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 泳ぎませんでした (oyo-gi-ma-sen-de-shi-ta) = I did not swim (およぎませんでした) あまり = not much Lesson 5[] 再来週 (sa-rai-shuu) = the week after next (さらいしゅう) 教えます (o-shi-e-ma-su) = I teach (おしえます) ギター (gi-taa) = guitar 練習 (ren-shuu) = practice (れんしゅう) 練習する (ren-shuu-su-ru) = (to) practice (suru-verb) (れんしゅうする) 練習します (ren-shuu-shi-ma-su) = I practice (れんしゅうします) 弾きました (hi-ki-ma-shi-ta) = I played (an instument) (ひきました) Lesson 6[] パソコン (pa-so-kon) = computer/personal computer/PC スポーツ (su-poo-tsu) = sports 料理 (ryou-ri) = food/cuisine/meal, cook/cooking (verb) (りょうり) 料理する (ryou-ri-su-ru) = (to) cook (suru-verb) (りょうりする) 料理します (ryou-ri-shi-ma-su) = cook/cooking (りょうりします) 何か (nan-ka/nani-ka) = something (なんか/なにか) 何の + (thing) (nan-no)= what kind of/what sort of (thing) (なんの) 作る (tsuku-ru) = (1) to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct (v5r, vt) (つくる) 作り (tsu-ku-ri) = make/create (つくり) 作ります (tsu-ku-ri-ma-su) = I make/create (つくります) 作りました (tsu-ku-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I made/created/did make (つくりました) Lesson 7[] 新聞 (shin-bun) = newspaper (しんぶん) 番号 (ban-gou) = assigned number (ばんごう) 電話番号 (den-wa ban-gou) = phone number (でんわばんごう) 大丈夫 (dai-jou-bu) = am/is/are okay , I do not need (だいじょうぶ) === Skill 30 - Weather_1 === Lesson 1[] 晴れ (ha-re) = sunny/clear (はれ) 晴れます (ha-re-ma-su) = it is/it will be sunny/clear (at the moment) (はれます) 晴れでした (ha-re-de-shi-ta) = it was sunny (はれでした) 良い / よい (yo-i / yo-i) = fine/good (よい / よい) いい (i-i) = it is/it will be nice/good/fine よくない (yo-ku-na-i) = it isn't/it is not good 悪い (wa-ru-i) = bad (わるい) 悪くない (wa-ru-ku-na-i) = it isn't/it is not bad (わるくない) 悪くはない (wa-ru-ku-wa-na-i) = it isn't/it is not necessarily bad (わるくはない) 天気 (ten-ki) = weather (てんき) よくも悪くもない (yo-ku-mo-wa-ru-ku-mo-nai) = It is neither good nor bad (よくもわるくもない) Lesson 2[] 曇り (ku-mo-ri) = cloudy (くもり) 曇ります (ku-mo-ri-ma-su) = it is/it will be cloudy (くもります) 曇りでした (ku-mo-ri-de-shi-ta) = it was cloudy (くもりでした) 降る (fu-ru) = (1) to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down (v5r, vi) (ふる) 降り (fu-ri) = it fall/falls/fell (ふり) 雨が降り (a-me-ga-fu-ri) = rain/rains (あめがふり) 雨が降ります (a-me-ga-fu-ri-ma-su) = it will rain/it rains (あめがふります) 雨が降りました (a-me-ga-fu-ri-ma-shi-ta) = it rained (あめがふりました) 空 (so-ra) = sky (そら) Lesson 3[] じゃあ (jyaa) = see you 朝 (a-sa) = morning (あさ) 朝に (a-sa-ni) = in the morning (あさに) 今朝 (ke-sa) = this morning (けさ) 今晩 (kon-ban) = this evening/tonight (こんばん) 夕べ (yuu-be) = last night (ゆうべ) 雪 (yu-ki) = snow (ゆき) 雪が降ります (yuki-ga-fu-ri-ma-su) = it snows/it will snow (ゆきがふります) 雪が降りました (yu-ki-ga-fu-ri-ma-shi-ta) = it snowed / snow fell (ゆきがふりました) 明る (a-ka-ru) = bright (あかる) 明るいです (a-ka-ru-i-de-su) = it is bright (あかるいです) 明るいですか？ (a-ka-ru-i-de-su-ka) = is it bright? (あかるいですか) 明るくないです (a-ka-ru-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/is not bright (あかるくないです) 明るくないですか？ (a-ka-ru-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it bright? (あかるくないですか) Lesson 4[] 暗い (ku-ra-i) = dark (くらい) 暗いです (ku-ra-i-de-su) = it is dark (くらいです) 暗いですか？ (ku-ra-i-de-su-ka) = is it dark? (くらいですか) 暗くないです (ku-ra-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/it is not dark (くらくないです) 暗くないですか？ (ku-ra-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it dark? (くらくないですか) 昼間 (hi-ru-ma) = daytime (ひるま) 夕方 (yuu-ga-ta) = evening (ゆうがた) 晴れています (ha-re-te-i-ma-su) = it is/it will be clear (continuously - [1]) (はれています) 曇っています (ku-mo-tte-i-ma-su) = it is/it will be cloudy (くもっています) 雪が降っています (yu-ki-ga-fu-tte-i-ma-su) = it is/will be snowing (ゆきがふっています) 雨が降っていますか？ (a-me-ga-fu-tte-i-ma-su-ka) = is it raining? (あめがふっていますか) 雪は降っていません (yu-ki-wa-fu-tte-i-ma-sen) = it isn't/it is not snowing (ゆきはふっていません) Lesson 5[] また (ma-ta) = again/also 会う (a-u) = to meet; to encounter; to see (あう) また会いましょう (ma-ta-a-i-ma-shou) = let's meet again (またあいましょう) また、今日は晴れです = Also, today is sunny (また、きょうははれです)[2] 今日はまた晴れです = Today is sunny again (きょうはまたはれです) Changing -い adjectives into adverbs: drop the -い and replace it with a -く[3] 弱い (yo-wa-i) = weak (-い adjective) (よわい) 弱く (yo-wa-ku) = weakly (adverb) (よわく) 弱いです (yo-wa-i-de-su) = it is/it will be weak (よわいです) 弱くはないです (yo-wa-ku-wa-nai-de-su) = not weak/not neccessarily weak (よわくはないです) 強い (tsu-yo-i) = strong (-い adjective) (つよい) 強く (tsu-yo-ku) = strongly (adverb) (つよく) 強くないです (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/it is not strong (つよくないです) 強くないですか？ (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it strong? (つよくないですか) 弱い (yo-wa-i) = weak (-い adjective) (よわい) 弱く (yo-wa-ku) = weakly (adverb) (よわく) 弱いです (yo-wa-i-de-su) = it is/it will be weak (よわいです) 弱くはないです (yo-wa-ku-wa-nai-de-su) = not weak/not neccessarily weak (よわくはないです) 弱いです (yo-wa-i-de-su) = it is/it will be weak (よわいです) 弱くはないです (yo-wa-ku-wa-nai-de-su) = not weak/not neccessarily weak (よわくはないです) 強い (tsu-yo-i) = strong (-い adjective) (つよい) 強く (tsu-yo-ku) = strongly (adverb) (つよく) 強くないです (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/it is not strong (つよくないです) 強くないですか？ (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it strong? (つよくないですか) 強くないです (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/it is not strong (つよくないです) 強くないですか？ (tsu-yo-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it strong? (つよくないですか) 風 (ka-ze) = wind (かぜ) 吹く (fu-ku) = (1) to blow (of the wind) (v5k, vi) (ふく) 吹き (fu-ki) = blow/blows (ふき) 吹きます (fu-ki-ma-su) = it blows (ふきます) 吹いています (fu-i-te-i-ma-su) = am/is/are blowing (ふいています) Lesson 6[] 寒い (sa-mu-i) = cold (さむい) 寒いです (sa-mu-i-de-su) = it is cold (さむいです) 寒いですか？ (sa-mu-i-de-su-ka) = is it cold? (さむいですか) 寒くないです (sa-mu-ku-nai-de-su) = it isn't/it is not cold (さむくないです) 寒くないですか？ (sa-mu-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it cold? (さむくないですか) 暑い (a-tsu-i) = hot (あつい) 暑いです (a-tsu-i-de-su) = it is hot (あついです) 暑いですか？ (a-tsu-i-de-su-ka) = is it hot? (あついですか) 暑くないです (a-tsu-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not/it isn't hot (あつくないです) 暑くないですか？ (a-tsu-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it hot? (あつくないですか) 夜 (yo-ru) = night (よる) 今夜 (kon-ya) = tonight (こんや) Lesson 7[] 暖かい (atata-ka-i) = warm (あたたかい) 暖かいです (atata-ka-i-de-su) = it is warm (あたたかいです) 暖かいですか？ (atata-ka-i-de-su-ka) = is it warm? (あたたかいですか) 暖かく (atata-ka-ku) = is warm (and) (あたたかく) 暖かくないです (atata-ka-ku-na-i-de-su) = it is not/it isn't warm (あたたかくないです) 涼しい (suzu-shi-i) = cool (すずしい) 涼しいです (suzu-shi-i-de-su) = it is cool (すずしいです) 涼しく (suzu-shi-ku) = is cool (and) (すずしく) 涼しくないです (suzu-shi-ku-na-i-de-su) = it is not/it isn't cool (すずしくないです) しかし (shi-ka-shi) = however でも (de-mo) = but ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38013515?comment_id=48916149 === Skill 31 - Food_2 === Lesson 1[] 今日の (kyou-no) = today's (きょうの) 夕飯 (yuu-han) = dinner (ゆうはん) お弁当 (o-ben-tou) = lunchbox/boxed lunch/bento (おべんとう) 全然 (zen-zen) = not at all (ぜんぜん) おいしくないです (oi-shi-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not delicious/tasty, it doesn't taste good おいしくないですか？ (oi-shi-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it delicious/doesn't it taste good? Lesson 2[] 果物 (ku-da-mo-no) = fruit (くだもの) 塩 (shi-o) = salt (しお) いかがですか？ (i-ka-ga-de-su-ka) = would you like/how is it? Lesson 3[] 醤油 (shou-yu) = soy sauce (しょうゆ) 砂糖 (sa-tou) = sugar (さとう) 多いです (oo-i-de-su) = it is a lot / many / much (おおいです) 結構 (ke-kkou) = quite; fine; sufficient (けっこう) 結構多いです (ke-kkou oo-i-de-su) = it is quite a lot 結構です (ke-kkou-de-su) = thanks, -literally: 'fine as it is already': to politely refuse something [1] (けっこうです) Lesson 4[] 食べ物 (ta-be-mo-no) = food (たべもの) 飲み物 (no-mi-mo-no) = drink / something to drink / drinks/ beverages (noun) (のみもの) にしますか？ (ni-shi-ma-su-ka) = would you like? 何にしますか？ (na-ni-ni-shi-ma-su-ka) = What would you like? Lesson 5[] お酒 (o-sa-ke) = alcohol (おさけ) 牛乳 (gyuu-nyuu) = milk/some milk (ぎゅうにゅう) 飲む (no-mu) = to drink; to gulp; to swallow (のむ) 飲みません (no-mi-ma-sen) = do not/don't drink (のみません) 多くないです (oo-ku-nai-de-su) = it/there is not much/not a lot, there aren't many (おおくないです) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = want (ほしい) まったく (ma-tta-ku) = (there is) no 'x' at all/(there is) none at all, none whatsoever, absolutely none まったく多くないです (ma-tta-ku-oo-ku-na-i-de-su) = not much at all Lesson 6[] とても (to-te-mo) = very 少ない (su-ku-nai) = little/not much (すくない) - [pronounced (s-ku-na-i)] コーヒー (koo-hii) = coffee ラーメン (raa-men) = ramen カレー (ka-ree) = curry 全部 (zen-bu) = all of them (ぜんぶ) Lesson 7[] 大変 (tai-hen) = very (たいへん) あまり = not much / not very much 紅茶 (kou-cha) = black tea (こうちゃ) ジュース (jyuu-su) = juice ミント (min-to) = mint カフェ (ka-fe) = cafe 好きではありません (su-ki-de-wa-a-ri-ma-sen) = I don't like (すきではありません) === Skill 32 - Food_3 === Lesson 1[] 本 (hon) = counter for long objects (ほん) 二本 (ni-hon) = two (long objects, e.g. chopsticks/books) (にほん) お腹 (o-naka) = stomach; belly; abdomen (n) (pol) (P) (おなか) お皿 (o-sara) = plate; dish (n) (おさら) 箸 (hashi) = chopsticks (n) (P) (はし) お箸 (o-hashi) = chopsticks (n) (polite) (P) (おはし) コップ (ko-ppu) = a glass/cup お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) お腹が空きました (o-naka-ga-su-ki-ma-shi-ta) = I am hungry (literally: 'My stomach emptied') (おなかがすきました) お腹が空きません (o-naka-ga-su-ki-ma-sen) = I am not hungry (おなかがすきません) お腹が空きましたか (o-naka-ga-su-ki-ma-shi-ta-ka) = are you hungry? (literally: 'Has your stomach been emptied?') (おなかがすきましたか) 食べ過ぎる (ta-be-su-gi-ru) = to overeat (v1, vt) (P) (たべすぎる) 食べ過ぎた (ta-be-su-gi-ta) = ate too much (たべすぎた) Previously learned: ある (a-ru) = (1) to be (of inanimate objects); to exist; to live (v5r-i, vi) (uk) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 使う (tsuka-u) = (1) to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; (...) (v5u, vt) (つかう) 使いません (tsuka-i-ma-sen) = do/does not use (つかいません) 洗う (ara-u) = (1) to wash; to cleanse; to rinse (v5u, vt) (あらう) 洗いましょう (ara-i-ma-sho-u) = let's wash (あらいましょう) いる (i-ru) = (3) to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing (v1, aux-v) (uk) (P) ~ている = Ongoing action or current state: [5] (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) お腹が空いています (o-naka-ga-su-i-te-i-ma-su) = becoming hungry; getting hungy 彼 (kare) = (1) he; him (pn) (n) 枚 (mai) = counter for thin, flat things (plates, petals, leaves, etc.) (ctr) (まい) 二枚 (ni-mai) = two plates; two sheets (pieces) (of paper); (...) (n) (P) (にまい) 一つ (hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (ひとつ) 三つ (mi-ttsu) = (1) three (num) (みっつ) ある (a-ru) = (1) to be (of inanimate objects); to exist; to live (v5r-i, vi) (uk) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 使う (tsuka-u) = (1) to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; (...) (v5u, vt) (つかう) 使いません (tsuka-i-ma-sen) = do/does not use (つかいません) 洗う (ara-u) = (1) to wash; to cleanse; to rinse (v5u, vt) (あらう) 洗いましょう (ara-i-ma-sho-u) = let's wash (あらいましょう) いる (i-ru) = (3) to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing (v1, aux-v) (uk) (P) ~ている = Ongoing action or current state: [5] (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) お腹が空いています (o-naka-ga-su-i-te-i-ma-su) = becoming hungry; getting hungy (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) お腹が空いています (o-naka-ga-su-i-te-i-ma-su) = becoming hungry; getting hungy お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) お腹が空いています (o-naka-ga-su-i-te-i-ma-su) = becoming hungry; getting hungy 彼 (kare) = (1) he; him (pn) (n) 枚 (mai) = counter for thin, flat things (plates, petals, leaves, etc.) (ctr) (まい) 二枚 (ni-mai) = two plates; two sheets (pieces) (of paper); (...) (n) (P) (にまい) 一つ (hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (ひとつ) 三つ (mi-ttsu) = (1) three (num) (みっつ) Lesson 2[] ボウル (bou-ru) = bowl スプーン (su-puun) = spoon フォーク (foo-ku) = fork ナイフ (nai-fu) = knife 寿司 (su-shi) = (food) sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (...) (ateji) (n) (すし) お寿司 (o-su-shi) = (food) sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (...) (polite) (ateji) (n) (おすし) Previously learned: 食べる (ta-be-ru) = (1) to eat (v1, vt) (たべる) ある (a-ru) = (1) to be (of inanimate objects); to exist; to live (v5r-i, vi) (uk) 使う (tsuka-u) = (1) to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; (...) (v5u, vt) (つかう) いかが (i-ka-ga) = (1) how; in what way; how about (adv) (uk) 全然 (zen-zen) = (1) (not) at all; (not) in the slightest (adv) (ぜんぜん) To express "not (adjective) at all" = 全然 + (negative form of the adjective): 全然おいしくない (zen-zen-o-i-shi-ku-na-i) = not delicious at all 全然甘くない (zen-zen-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not sweet at all 全然好きじゃない (zen-zen-su-ki-ja-na-i) = don't like (it) at all どうぞ (do-u-zo) = (2) please (help yourself to); (feel) free (to); (...) (adv) 甘い (ama-i) = (1) sweet; sweet-tasting; sugary; sugared (adj-i) (あまい) おいしい (o-i-shi-i) = (1) delicious; tasty; sweet (adj-i) (uk) 好き (su-ki) = (1) liking; being fond of; to one's liking; (...) (adj-na, n) (すき) 安い (yasu-i) = (1) cheap; inexpensive (adj-i) (やすい) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) 青 (ao) = (1) blue; azure (n, adj-no) (あお) お皿 (o-sara) = plate; dish (n) (おさら) お箸 (o-hashi) = chopsticks (n) (P) (おはし) 果物 (kuda-mono) = fruit (n) (くだもの) 弁当 (ben-tou) = bento; Japanese lunch box (n) (P) (べん) お弁当 (o-ben-tou) = bento; Japanese lunch box (polite) (n) (P) (おべんとう) 塩 (shio) = (1) salt (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, etc.) (n) (chem) (しお) 本 (hon) = counter for long objects (ほん) 一本 (i-ppon) = (1) one (long cylindrical object) (いっぽん) 一つ (hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (ひとつ) お一つ (o-hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (polite) (おひとつ) 二つ (futa-tsu) = two (num) (P) (ふたつ) 四つ (yo-ttsu) = (1) four (num) (よっつ) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = (1) to eat (v1, vt) (たべる) ある (a-ru) = (1) to be (of inanimate objects); to exist; to live (v5r-i, vi) (uk) 使う (tsuka-u) = (1) to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; (...) (v5u, vt) (つかう) いかが (i-ka-ga) = (1) how; in what way; how about (adv) (uk) 全然 (zen-zen) = (1) (not) at all; (not) in the slightest (adv) (ぜんぜん) To express "not (adjective) at all" = 全然 + (negative form of the adjective): 全然おいしくない (zen-zen-o-i-shi-ku-na-i) = not delicious at all 全然甘くない (zen-zen-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not sweet at all 全然好きじゃない (zen-zen-su-ki-ja-na-i) = don't like (it) at all To express "not (adjective) at all" = 全然 + (negative form of the adjective): 全然おいしくない (zen-zen-o-i-shi-ku-na-i) = not delicious at all 全然甘くない (zen-zen-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not sweet at all 全然好きじゃない (zen-zen-su-ki-ja-na-i) = don't like (it) at all 全然おいしくない (zen-zen-o-i-shi-ku-na-i) = not delicious at all 全然甘くない (zen-zen-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not sweet at all 全然好きじゃない (zen-zen-su-ki-ja-na-i) = don't like (it) at all どうぞ (do-u-zo) = (2) please (help yourself to); (feel) free (to); (...) (adv) 甘い (ama-i) = (1) sweet; sweet-tasting; sugary; sugared (adj-i) (あまい) おいしい (o-i-shi-i) = (1) delicious; tasty; sweet (adj-i) (uk) 好き (su-ki) = (1) liking; being fond of; to one's liking; (...) (adj-na, n) (すき) 安い (yasu-i) = (1) cheap; inexpensive (adj-i) (やすい) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) 青 (ao) = (1) blue; azure (n, adj-no) (あお) お皿 (o-sara) = plate; dish (n) (おさら) お箸 (o-hashi) = chopsticks (n) (P) (おはし) 果物 (kuda-mono) = fruit (n) (くだもの) 弁当 (ben-tou) = bento; Japanese lunch box (n) (P) (べん) お弁当 (o-ben-tou) = bento; Japanese lunch box (polite) (n) (P) (おべんとう) 塩 (shio) = (1) salt (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, etc.) (n) (chem) (しお) 本 (hon) = counter for long objects (ほん) 一本 (i-ppon) = (1) one (long cylindrical object) (いっぽん) 一つ (hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (ひとつ) お一つ (o-hito-tsu) = (1) one (num) (polite) (おひとつ) 二つ (futa-tsu) = two (num) (P) (ふたつ) 四つ (yo-ttsu) = (1) four (num) (よっつ) Lesson 3[] ビール (bii-ru) = beer (n) (P) グラス (gu-ra-su) = (wine) glass/es; (cylindrical) glass/es [1] [2] 茶碗 (cha-wan) = rice bowl; tea cup; teacup (n) (P) (ちゃわん) 半分 (han-bun) = half (adv, n) (P) (はんぶん) 茶碗半分 (cha-wan-han-bun) = half a rice bowl (ちゃわんはんぶん) 好物 (kou-butsu) = favourite food; favourite dish (food) (n) (P) (こうぶつ) 本当 (hon-tou) = (1) truth; fact; reality; actuality (n, adj-no, adj-na) (ik) (ほんとう) に = Used to change the root form of nouns and na-adjectives into adverbs [3] [4] 本当 (hon-tou) = (1) truth; fact; reality; actuality (n, adj-no, adj-na) (ik) (ほんとう) 本当ですか？(hon-tou-de-su-ka) = is it true? (ほんとうですか) 本当に (hon-tou-ni) = really; truly (adv) (ほんとうに) 本当にすみません (hon-tou-ni-su-mi-ma-se-n) = I'm truly sorry... (ほんとうにすみません) 本当 (hon-tou) = (1) truth; fact; reality; actuality (n, adj-no, adj-na) (ik) (ほんとう) 本当ですか？(hon-tou-de-su-ka) = is it true? (ほんとうですか) 本当ですか？(hon-tou-de-su-ka) = is it true? (ほんとうですか) 本当に (hon-tou-ni) = really; truly (adv) (ほんとうに) 本当にすみません (hon-tou-ni-su-mi-ma-se-n) = I'm truly sorry... (ほんとうにすみません) 本当にすみません (hon-tou-ni-su-mi-ma-se-n) = I'm truly sorry... (ほんとうにすみません) Previously learned: 飲む (no-mu) = (1) to drink; to gulp; to swallow; to take (medicine) (v5m, vt) (のむ) お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) 寿司 (su-shi) = (food) sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (...) (ateji) (n) (すし) カレー (ka-ree) = (1) (food) curry (esp. Japanese curry) (n) (uk) ご飯 (go-han) = (1) cooked rice; (2) meal (n) (P) (ごはん) すみません (su-mi-ma-se-n) = (1) I'm sorry; excuse me; pardon me; (...) (exp, int) (pol) (uk) 二つ (futa-tsu) = two (num) (P) (ふたつ) 四つ (yo-ttsu) = (1) four (num) (よっつ) 飲む (no-mu) = (1) to drink; to gulp; to swallow; to take (medicine) (v5m, vt) (のむ) お腹が空く (o-naka-ga-su-ku) = to become hungry; to get an empty stomach (exp, v5k) (おなかがすく) 寿司 (su-shi) = (food) sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (...) (ateji) (n) (すし) カレー (ka-ree) = (1) (food) curry (esp. Japanese curry) (n) (uk) ご飯 (go-han) = (1) cooked rice; (2) meal (n) (P) (ごはん) すみません (su-mi-ma-se-n) = (1) I'm sorry; excuse me; pardon me; (...) (exp, int) (pol) (uk) 二つ (futa-tsu) = two (num) (P) (ふたつ) 四つ (yo-ttsu) = (1) four (num) (よっつ) Lesson 4[] ぶどう (bu-do-u) = grape(s); grapevine (n) (uk) (P) スープ (suu-pu) = (Western) soup (n) (food) (P) レモン (re-mo-n) = lemon(s) (n) (uk) (P) ワイン (wa-i-n) = wine 赤ワイン (aka-wa-i-n) = red wine (n) (あかワイン) 白ワイン (shiro-wa-i-n) = white wine (n) (しろワイン) すっぱい (su-ppa-i) = sour; acid (adj-i) (P) すっぱくない (su-ppa-ku-nai) = not sour 塩っぱい (sho-ppa-i) = (1) salty (adj-i) (uk) (しょっぱい) 塩っぱくない (sho-ppa-ku-nai) = not salty (しょっぱくない) Previously learned: 買う (ka-u) = (1) to buy; to purchase (v5u, vt) (かう) 作る (tsuku-ru) = (1) to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct (v5r, vt) (つくる) 甘い (ama-i) = (1) sweet; sweet-tasting; sugary; sugared (adj-i) (あまい) 個 (ko)= counter for almost every object with a clear boundary [1] (こ) 三個 (san-ko) = three objects (さんこ) から (ka-ra) = (1) from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since (prt) 私たち (watashi-ta-chi) = we; us (pn) (わたしたち) あまり (a-ma-ri) = (2) (not) very; (not) much (adv) (uk) To express "not very (adjective)" = あまり + (negative form of the adjective): あまりすっぱくない (a-ma-ri-su-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very sour あまり塩っぱくない (a-ma-ri-sho-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very salty あまり甘くない (a-ma-ri-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not very sweet 買う (ka-u) = (1) to buy; to purchase (v5u, vt) (かう) 作る (tsuku-ru) = (1) to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct (v5r, vt) (つくる) 甘い (ama-i) = (1) sweet; sweet-tasting; sugary; sugared (adj-i) (あまい) 個 (ko)= counter for almost every object with a clear boundary [1] (こ) 三個 (san-ko) = three objects (さんこ) から (ka-ra) = (1) from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since (prt) 私たち (watashi-ta-chi) = we; us (pn) (わたしたち) あまり (a-ma-ri) = (2) (not) very; (not) much (adv) (uk) To express "not very (adjective)" = あまり + (negative form of the adjective): あまりすっぱくない (a-ma-ri-su-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very sour あまり塩っぱくない (a-ma-ri-sho-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very salty あまり甘くない (a-ma-ri-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not very sweet あまりすっぱくない (a-ma-ri-su-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very sour あまり塩っぱくない (a-ma-ri-sho-ppa-ku-na-i) = not very salty あまり甘くない (a-ma-ri-a-ma-ku-na-i) = not very sweet === Skill 33 - Dates === Lesson 1[] かかる (ka-ka-ru) = (1) to take (a resource, e.g. time or money) (v5r, vi) (uk) かかります (ka-ka-ri-ma-su) = it takes かかりました (ka-ka-ri-ma-shi-ta) = it took (verb - length of time) 何曜日 (nan-you-bi) = what day of the week (なんようび) 一日 (tsui-tachi) = first day (of the month)/one day (ついたち) 二日 (futsu-ka) = second day (of the month)/two days (ふつか) 三日 (mi-kka) = third day (of the month)/three days (みっか) 四日 (yo-kka) = fourth day (of the month)/four days (よっか) 五日 (itsu-ka) = fifth day (of the month)/five days (いつか) 何月 (nan-tsuki) = what/which month (なんつき) 一月 (ichi-gatsu) = January (いちがつ) 二月 (ni-gatsu) = February (にがつ) 三月 (san-gatsu) = March (さんがつ) 四月 (shi-gatsu) = April (しがつ) 五月 (go-gatsu) = May (ごがつ) 七月 (shichi-gatsu) = July (しちがつ) 十月 (juu-gatsu) = October (じゅうがつ) Lesson 2[] 六日 (mui-ka) = 6th day (of the month)/six days (むいか) 七日 (nano-ka) = 7th day (of the month)/seven days (なのか) 八日 (you-ka) = 8th day (of the month)/eight days (ようか) 九日 (kokono-ka) = 9th day (of the month)/nine days (ここのか) 十日 (too-ka) = 10th day (of the month)/ten days (とおか) 二十日 (hatsu-ka) = 20th day (of the month)/twenty days (はつか) 六月 (roku-gatsu) = June (ろくがつ) 八月 (hachi-gatsu) = August (はちがつ) 九月 (ku-gatsu) = September (くがつ) 十一月 (juu-ichi-gatsu) = November (じゅういちがつ) 十二月 (juu-ni-gatsu) = December (じゅうにがつ) 一年 (ichi-nen) = one year (いちねん) 二年 (ni-nen) = two years (にねん) 五年 (go-nen) = five years (ごねん) Lesson 3[] 旅行に行く (ryo-kou-ni-i-ku) = (to) go travel; to go on a trip (りょこうにいく) 旅行に行きます (ryo-kou-ni-i-ki-ma-su) = I travel (りょこうにいきます) 一昨年 (formal: i-ssaku-nen / casual: o-to-toshi) = the year before last (いっさくねん / おととし) 去年 (kyo-nen) = last year (きょねん) 年 (toshi / nen) = year (とし / ねん) 今年 (ko-toshi) = this year (ことし) 毎年 (mai-toshi) = every year (まいとし) 来年 (rai-nen) = next year (らいねん) 再来年 (sa-rai-nen) = the year after next (さらいねん) Lesson 4[] 十ヶ月 (juu-kka-getsu) = ten months (じゅうっかげつ) 十一ヶ月 (juu-ichi-ka-getsu) = eleven months (じゅういちかげつ) 十二ヶ月 (juu-ni-ka-getsu) = twelve months (じゅうにかげつ) 休み (yasu-mi) = vacation/break (やすみ) 夏休み (natsu-yasu-mi) = summer vacation (なつやすみ) 毎晩 (mai-ban) = every night (まいばん) 毎週月曜日 (mai-shuu-getsu-you-bi) = every Monday (まいしゅうげつようび) 毎週 (mai-shuu) = every week (まいしゅう) 毎月 (mai-tsuki) = every month (まいつき) 出かける (de-ka-ke-ru) = (1) to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; (...) (v1, vi) (でかける) 出かけます (de-ka-ke-ma-su) = I go out (でかけます) Lesson 5[] 雨の日 (ame-no-hi) = a rainy day (あめのひ) 一週間 (i-sshuu-kan) = one week (いっしゅうかん) 二週間 (ni-shuu-kan) = two weeks (にしゅうかん) 三週間 (san-shuu-kan) = three weeks (さんしゅうかん) 誕生日 (tan-jou-bi) = birthday/date of birth (たんじょうび) おめでとう (o-me-de-to-u) = congratulations/happy お誕生日おめでとう (o-tan-jou-bi-o-me-de-to-u) = happy birthday (おたんじょうびおめでとう) === Skill 34 - Shopping_1 === Lesson 1[] 花 (ha-na) = flower/flowers (はな) お金 (o-ka-ne) = money (おかね) 時計 (to-kei) = clock/clocks (とけい) Lesson 2[] 鞄 (ka-ban) = bag/bags (かばん) 財布 (sai-fu) = wallet/wallets (さいふ) 荷物 (ni-mo-tsu) = luggage/baggage (にもつ) Lesson 3[] 腕 (u-de) = arm (うで) 腕時計 (u-de-to-kei) = watch (うでとけい) かわいいです (ka-wa-ii-de-su) = it is cute かわいいですか? (ka-wa-ii-de-su-ka) = is it cute? かわいくないです (ka-wa-i-ku-nai) = it isn't/is not cute かわいくないですか? (ka-wa-i-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it cute? ほかに (ho-ka-ni) = else どんな + [thing] (do-n-na) = what kind of [thing] 他に (ho-ka-ni) = other こんな (kon-na) = like this も (mo) = also もの (mo-no) = things いかが (i-ka-ga) = how about 他にもこんなもの (ho-ka-ni-mo-kon-na-mo-no) = also other things like this 私のもの (wa-ta-shi-no-mo-no) = mine/belongs to me (わたしのもの) 彼女のもの (ka-no-jo-no-mo-no) = hers/belongs to her (かのじょのもの) Lesson 4[] 軽い (ka-ru-i) = light (かるい) 軽いですか? (ka-ru-i-de-su-ka) = is it light? (かるいですか) 軽くないです (ka-ru-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not/isn't light (かるくないです) 重い (o-mo-i) = heavy (おもい) 重いですか (o-mo-i-de-su-ka) = is it heavy? (おもいですか) 重くないです (o-mo-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not/isn't heavy (おもくないです) きれいな (ki-rei-na) = pretty きれいです (ki-rei-de-su) = it is/they are pretty 丈夫な (jou-bu-na) = sturdy/durable (じょうぶな) 丈夫です (jou-bu-de-su) = it is sturdy (じょうぶです) 色々 (i-ro-i-ro) = all sorts (of things) / for everything (いろいろ) いろいろありがとう (i-ro-i-ro-a-ri-ga-tou) = thank you for everything Lesson 5[] 大好き (dai-su-ki) = love (だいすき) 大好きです (dai-su-ki-de-su) = love/loves (verb) (だいすきです) (something) + 大好きです = to love (something) (だいすきです) 入れる (i-re-ru) = (1) to put in; to let in; to take in; (...) (v1, vt) (いれる) に入れます (ni-i-re-ma-su) = I put in/I will put in (にいれます) 出す (da-su) = (1) to take out; to get out (v5s, vt) (だす) 出します (da-shi-ma-su) = I take out/I will take out (だします) あげる (a-ge-ru) = (6) to give (from the giver point of view) (v1, vt) (pol) (uk) [verb with plenty of meanings] あげます (a-ge-ma-su) = I give/I will give もらう (mo-ra-u) = (1) to receive; to take; to accept (v5u, vt) (uk) にもらいました (ni-mo-rai-ma-shi-ta) = I received/got from 私にとって (wa-ta-shi ni-to-tte) = to/for me 大切 (tai-se-tsu) = important (たいせつ) 妻 (tsu-ma) = wife Lesson 6[] パン屋 (pan-ya) = bakery (パンや) 本屋 (hon-ya) = bookstore/bookshop (ほんや) 魚屋 (sa-ka-na-ya) = fish market/fish dealer (さかなや) 同じ (o-na-ji) = same (おなじ) 違う (chi-gau) = different (ちがう) ほかの (ho-ka-no) = another/other 色 (i-ro) = color (いろ) 持ち (mo-chi) = having; holding; possessing (もち) 持つ (mo-tsu) = (1) to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry (v5t, vt) (もつ) 持ちます (mo-chi-ma-su) = I hold/carry (もちます) 持ちましょうか (mo-chi-ma-shou-ka) = may/shall I hold/carry? (もちましょうか) Lesson 7[] 買い物 (kai-mo-no) = shopping (かいもの) 売る (u-ru) = to sell (v5r, vt) (P) (うる) 売り (u-ri) = sell/sells (うり) 売ります (u-ri-ma-su) = I sell/it sells (うります) 要る (i-ru) = to need; to want (v5r, vi) (uk) (P) (いる) 要り (i-ri) = need/needs (いり) 要りますか (i-ri-ma-su-ka) = do you need/does it need? (いりますか) 要りません (i-ri-ma-se-n) = I do not need/it does not need (いりません) 汚いです (ki-ta-nai-de-su) = it is dirty (きたないです) 汚いですか？(ki-ta-nai-de-su-ka) = is it dirty? (きたないですか) 汚くないですか？(ki-ta-na-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it dirty? (きたなくないですか) === Skill 35 - People_2 === Lesson 1[] 仲 = relationship 恋人 = significant other 婚約 = engagement ご婚約 = engagement 婚約中 = engaged 親しい = close 親しく = close 付き合って = going out / dating 付き合う = to go out with / to date ご婚約おめでとう！= Congratulations on your engagement! * * 二人は婚約中だ。= They are engaged. * 彼女たちは付き合っているらしい。= I hear that they are dating. * 恋人がいる。= I have a significant other. * 茂は直美と婚約している。= Shigeru is engaged to Naomi. * 恋人はいるの？= Do you have a significant other? * 彼はまだ彼女と付き合っている。= He is still going out with her. * 彼はマリオと大変親しくなった。= He became very close with Mario. * * 私は茂と仲がいい。= I have a good relationship with Shigeru. * あいつとは付き合うな。= Don't associate with that guy. * 彼女とは親しい仲だ。= I have a close relationship with her. * 彼とは特に親しい仲というわけではない。= It's not like I have an especially close relationship with him. * 兄に恋人ができた。= My older brother got a significant other. * Lesson 2[] 喧嘩 = fight しょっちゅう = constantly 仲間 = friend / group 夫婦 = couple 喧嘩はやめてください。= Please stop fighting. * 彼には仲間が大勢いる。= He has a lot of friends. * 健太はしょっちゅう遅刻をする。= Kenta is constantly late. * * 二人は幸福な夫婦になった。= They became a happy couple. * * 仲間に入りませんか？= Do you want to join our group? * * 彼らは喧嘩をしたらしい。= They appear to have fought. * * 彼女はしょっちゅう学校を休みます。= She is constantly absent from school. * もう一度仲間と呼んでくれますか？= Would you call me your friend again? * 彼らは似合いの夫婦だ。= They are a well-matched couple. * Lesson 3[] 成人 = adult / coming of age 成年 = legal age　せいねん 年齢 = age　ねんれい 達した = reached　たした 未成年者 = minor　みせいねんしゃ 未成年 = underage　みせいねん 息子はまだ未成年だ。= My son is still underage. * 我々は同じ年齢だ。= We are the same age. * * 直美の彼氏は成年に達した。= Naomi's boyfriend reached legal age. * 姉はもう成人している。= My older sister has already come of age. * 未成年者の飲酒は禁じられている。= Minors are forbidden from drinking alcohol. * * 成人の日に何をしますか？= What do you do on Coming of Age Day? * 未成年者に酒を売ることはできない。= You cannot sell alcohol to a minor. * 市の人口は百万人に達した。= The city's population reached one million people. * 茂はいつ成年に達したのですか？= When did Shigeru reach legal age? * 彼は成年に達している。= He is of legal age. * * 日本では子供は何歳で成人しますか？= At what age do children become adults in Japan? * 大統領の精神年齢は十歳以下だ。= The President's mental age is less than ten years old. * Lesson 4[] 急速 = rapid 様々 = various 少年 = boy 少女 = girl 世代 = generation 次世代 = next generation 成長 = growth 子供は成長が早い。= Children grow up quickly. * クラスの少年と付き合っている。= She is dating a boy from her class. * 汚染が急速に広がった。= The pollution spread rapidly. * 海には様々な生き物がいる。= There is a variety of life in the sea. * * 少年は少女よりゆっくりと成長する。= Boys mature slower than girls. * * その世代の人たちは急速に減少している。= The people of that generation are disappearing rapidly. * * 隣に住んでいる少女に聞いてみよう。= Let's try asking the girl who lives next door. * その国は高齢化が進んでいる。= The aging of that country is progressing. * その少女は両親におやすみなさいと言った。= The girl said good night to her parents. * それに関する友達の意見は様々だ。= My friends' opinions about that vary. * * この村の状況は、その国の高齢化問題を象徴している。= The situation in this village symbolizes the country's aging problem. * 次世代コンピューターには何ができるでしょうか？= What will the next generation of computers be able to do? * 我が国は人口の高齢化が急速に進んでいる。= The aging of our country's population is progressing rapidly. * Lesson 5[] 呼ばれる = to be called 呼んだ = hailed 民族 = ethnicgroup 多民族 = multiethnic 集団 = group　しゅうだん 人種 = race 差別 = discrimination 偏見 = prejudice アメリカは多民族国家だ。= The United States is a multiethnic nation. * * 私たちは集団で踊った。= We danced in a group. * 雇用の際の人種差別は違法である。= Racial discrimination in employment is illegal. * * 彼女は通りでタクシーを呼んだ。= She hailed a taxi on the street. * * 人種差別は深刻な社会問題だ。= Racial discrimination is a serious societal issue. * * 彼らは集団で旅行（する）のが好きです。= They like traveling in groups. * この金属は銅と呼ばれる。= This metal is called copper. * * 彼女の考え方は偏見が強い。= Her way of thinking is strongly prejudiced. * 若者の集団にお金を奪われた。= I was robbed of my money by a group of young people. * * 古くから偏見は中々なくならない。= Old prejudices just won't go away. * * 中国には色々な民族がいる。= There are various ethnic groups in China. * 名前が呼ばれるのを聞いた。= I heard my name being called. * Lesson 6[] 一般 = general / ordinary 一般的 = general 大衆 = the general public 記憶力 = memory 記憶 = memory 知られる = to become known 知られて = to become known 韓国料理は一般的にからい。= Korean food is generally spicy. * 彼女は記憶力がよい。= She has a good memory. * その歌手は世界中によく知られている。= That singer is well known all over the world. * * 大衆は差別問題に関して全く無知だ。= The public is completely ignorant about the discrimination issue. * 彼は記憶を失った。= He lost his memory. * 私は彼にどこかで会った記憶がある。= I have a memory of meeting him somewhere. * * あの事故のことは今でも鮮明に記憶している。= I still recall that accident vividly. * 一般大衆はその法律を支持した。= The general public supported the law. * * 彼はその町ではみんなに知られるようになった。= He has become known to everyone in the town. * * 大統領は大衆に向けて演説した。= The President gave a speech addressed to the public. * 彼女は記憶力がよいです。= She has a good memory. * 一般市民の生活は変化し始めた。= The lives of ordinary citizens began to change. * === Skill 36 - Weather_2 === Lesson 1[] 季節 (ki-se-tsu) = weather seasons ...によると (...-ni-yo-ru-to) = according to ... 季報 (yo-hō) = forecast 当たった (a-ta-tta) = it was accurate あったらしい (a-tta-ra-shī) = there was apparently 面白いらしい (o-mo-shi-ro-i-ra-shī) = supposed to be interesting 雲 (ku-mo) = cloud Lesson 2[] 雷 (ka-mi-na-ri) = thunder 現象 (gen-shō) = phenomenon 台風 (tai-fū) = typhoon 稲妻 (i-na-zu-ma) = lightning 一時的なこと (i-chi-ji-te-ki-na-ko-to) = a temporary thing 曇り一時雨 (ku-mo-ri-i-chi-ji-a-me) = cloudy with rain for a while Lesson 3[] 急に (kyū-ni) = all of a sudden 地域 (chī-ki) = area/neighbourhood/district 温度 (on-do) = temperature 部屋の温度は今何度ですか (he-ya-no-on-do-wa-i-ma-nan-do-de-su-ka) = what is the current temperature of the room 気温 (ki-on) = atmospheric temperature 温度計 (on-do-kei) = thermometre 十度を示していた (jū-dō-wo-shi-me-shi-te-i-ta) = it remained at 10 degrees 午後になって (go-go-ni-na-tte) = in the afternoon Lesson 4[] 気候 (ki-kō) = climate 乾燥している (kan-sō-shi-te-i-ru) = it has been dry 温暖 (on-dan) = temperate ガタガタしている (ga-ta-ga-ta-shi-te-i-ru) = it is rattling 会社はガタガタになった (kai-sha-wa-ga-ta-ga-ta-ni-na-tta) = the company fell apart 蒸し暑い (mu-shi-at-sui) = hot and humid/muggy 蒸し暑くない (mu-shi-at-su-ku-nai) = not hot and humid/muggy Lesson 5[] 転ばないで (ko-ro-ba-nai-de) = do not fall 道で転んで (mi-chi-de-ko-ron-de) = falling on the street 滑りやすい (su-be-ri-ya-sui) = slippery ("slipping easy") 口を滑らせて (ku-chi-wo-su-be-ra-se-te) = her tongue, to slip (?) 言ってしまった (i-tte-shi-ma-tta) = she ended up saying 流れた (na-ga-re-ta) = it flowed 流れ落ちた (na-ga-re-o-chi-ta) = it flowed down ごろごろする (go-ro-go-ro-su-ru) = to rumble (of a stomach); to purr (of a cat) ざあざあ (zā-zā) = heavily かさがなかったので、びしょびしょです (ka-sa-ga-na-ka-tta-no-de-bi-sho-bi-sho-de-su) = Because I had no umbrella, I am soaking wet びしょびしょになっちゃった (bi-sho-bi-sho-ni-na-ccha-tta) = I ended up getting soaking wet Lesson 6[] 猛烈な (mō-re-tsu-na) = intense 霧 (ki-ri) = fog 近づいている (chi-ka-dzui-te-i-ru) = it is approaching 山に霧がかかっている (ya-ma-ni-ki-ri-ga-ka-ka-tte-i-ru) = A fog is covering/enshrouding the mountain じめじめしている (ji-me-ji-me-shi-te-i-ru) = damp/humid === Skill 37 - Classroom === Lesson 1[] 宿題 (shu-ku-dai) = homework (しゅくだい) - [pronounced (sh-ku-da-i)] もう (mo-u) = already もうすぐ (mou-su-gu) = soon まだ = still [for positive phrases]; still not / not yet [for negative phrases] よく(yo-ku) = well 始まる (haji-ma-ru) = (1) to begin; to start; to commence (v5r, vi) (はじまる) 始まります (ha-ji-ma-ri-ma-su) = it is starting/it starts/begins (はじまります) 始まっています (ha-ji-ma-tte-i-ma-su) = it has started/begun (はじまっています) 始まっていません (ha-ji-ma-tte-i-ma-se-n) = it has not started/begun (はじまっていません) Lesson 2[] 授業 (ju-gyou) = class/lesson (じゅぎょう) 始まっていますか？(ha-ji-ma-tte-i-ma-su-ka) = has it started/begun? (はじまっていますか) 終わる (o-wa-ru) = to finish; to (come to an) end; to end; to close (v5r, vi, aux-v) (P) (おわる) 終わって (o-wa-tte) = it has ended/finshed (おわって) 終わりました (o-wa-ri-ma-shi-ta) = it ended/finished (おわりました) 終わりましたか？(o-wa-ri-ma-shi-ta-ka) = did it end/finish? (おわりましたか) 終わっていません (o-wa-tte-i-ma-se-n) = it has not ended/finished Lesson 3[] 科 (ka) = grade (か) 教科書 (kyou-ka-sho) = textbook/textbooks (きょうかしょ) 難しい (mu-zu-ka-shii) = hard/difficult (むずかしい) 難しいです (mu-zu-ka-shii-de-su) = it is hard/difficult (むずかしいです) 難しくないです (mu-zu-ka-shi-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not hard/difficult (むずかしくないです) 難しくないですか？(mu-zu-ka-shi-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = isn't it hard/difficult? (むずかしくないですか) 易しい (ya-sa-shii) = easy (やさしい) 易しいですか？(ya-sa-shii-de-su-ka) = is it easy? (やさしいですか) 易しくないです (ya-sa-shi-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not easy (やさしくないです) テスト (te-su-to) = test/tests, exam/exams 全然 (zen-zen) = not at all Lesson 4[] 字 (ji) = a letter/character (じ) 漢字 (kan-ji) = kanji, Chinese Characters (かんじ) こう (kou) = like this/in this way どう (dou) = how (about) どうでしたか？(dou-de-shi-ta-ka) = how was it? はいけません (wa-i-ke-ma-sen) = you cannot/you are not allowed to 帰る (kae-ru) = to go home; return (to origin); to come home; to go back (かえる) 帰ってはいけません (kae-tte-wa-i-ke-ma-sen) = you cannot go home (かえってはいけません) 見る (mi-ru) = to see; to look; to watch; to view (みる) 見て (mi-te) = I watched/look at (みて) 見ていいですか？(mi-te-ii-de-su-ka) = can/may I look at? (みていいですか) 見てはいけません (mi-te-wa-i-ke-ma-sen) = you cannot/may not look at (みてはいけません) これを見て (ko-re-wo-mi-te) = look at this (これをみて) 寝る (ne-ru) = to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed (ねる) 寝ました (ne-ma-shi-ta) = I went to sleep (ねました) 書く (ka-ku) = to write; to compose; to pen (かく) 書いてください (kai-te-ku-da-saI) = please write it (かいてください) どう書きますか？(dou-ka-ki-ma-su-ka) = how do you write it? (どうかきますか) Lesson 5[] 葉 (ha) = leaf (は) 言葉 (ko-to-ba) = word (ことば) 意味 (i-mi) = meaning/meanings (いみ) 覚える (obo-e-ru) = (1) to remember; to memorize; (...) (v1, vt) (おぼえる) 覚えて (o-bo-e-te) = remember/memorize (おぼえて) 覚えてください (o-bo-e-te-ku-da-sai) = please remember/memorize (おぼえてください) 覚えていますか？(o-bo-e-te-i-ma-su-ka) = do you remember? (おぼえていますか) 覚えていません (o-bo-e-te-i-ma-sen) = I don't remember (おぼえていません) 覚えました (o-bo-e-ma-shi-ta) = I remembered/memorized (おぼえました) 覚えましょう (o-bo-e-ma-shou) = let's remember/memorize (おぼえましょう) Lesson 6[] 教える (oshi-e-ru) = to teach; to tell; to inform; to instruct (おしえる) 教えて (o-shi-e-te) = tell/teach me (おしえて) 教えてください (o-shi-e-te-ku-da-sai) = please tell/teach me (おしえてください) 教えて欲しいです (o-shi-e-te-ho-shii-de-su) = I want you to tell/teach me 辞書 (ji-sho) = dictionary (じしょ) 引く (hi-ku) = (8) to look up (in a dictionary, phone book, etc.); to consult; (...) (v5k, vt) (ひく) 引きます (hi-ki-ma-su) = I will consult/look up in (a dictionary) (ひきます) 引いてはいけません (hii-te-wa-i-ke-ma-sen) = you are not allowed to use (a dictionary) (ひいてはいけません) 引いてください (hii-te-ku-da-sai) = please consult (a dictionary) (ひいてください) === Skill 38 - Feelings_1 === Lesson 1[] To describe how something is done, you turn い(i)-adjectives into adverbs (their く(ku)-form) [1] 楽しい (ta-no-shi-i) = fun; enjoyable; pleasant; happy; delighful (たのしい) 楽しく (ta-no-shi-ku) = funnily; enjoyably; pleasantly; happily; delightfully (たのしく) 面白い (o-mo-shi-ro-i) = interesting; fascinating (おもしろい) 面白く (o-mo-shi-ro-ku) = interestingly; fascinatingly (おもしろく) Notice how the く(ku)-form is similar to adding -ly to English adjectives. 楽しい (ta-no-shi-i) = fun; enjoyable; pleasant; happy; delighful (たのしい) 楽しく (ta-no-shi-ku) = funnily; enjoyably; pleasantly; happily; delightfully (たのしく) 面白い (o-mo-shi-ro-i) = interesting; fascinating (おもしろい) 面白く (o-mo-shi-ro-ku) = interestingly; fascinatingly (おもしろく) Notice how the く(ku)-form is similar to adding -ly to English adjectives. To indicate natural change you pair く(ku)-form adverbs with the verb なる (to become): [2] なる (na-ru) = to become なります (na-ri-ma-su) = to become (polite) なっている (na-tte-i-ru) = becoming なっています (na-tte-i-ma-su) = becoming (polite) なった (na-tta) = became なりました (na-ri-ma-shi-ta) = became (polite) 暑い (atsu-i) = hot; warm (あつい) 暑く (atsu-ku) = (く(ku)-form) hotly; warmly (あつく) 暑くなる (atsu-ku-na-ru) = to become/get hot; warm (あつくなる) 暑くなっている (atsu-ku-na-tte-i-ru) = becoming/getting hot; warm (あつくなっている) 暑くなった (atsu-ku-na-tta) = (it) became/got hot; warm (あつくなった) なる (na-ru) = to become なります (na-ri-ma-su) = to become (polite) なっている (na-tte-i-ru) = becoming なっています (na-tte-i-ma-su) = becoming (polite) なった (na-tta) = became なりました (na-ri-ma-shi-ta) = became (polite) 暑い (atsu-i) = hot; warm (あつい) 暑く (atsu-ku) = (く(ku)-form) hotly; warmly (あつく) 暑くなる (atsu-ku-na-ru) = to become/get hot; warm (あつくなる) 暑くなっている (atsu-ku-na-tte-i-ru) = becoming/getting hot; warm (あつくなっている) 暑くなった (atsu-ku-na-tta) = (it) became/got hot; warm (あつくなった) 暑い (atsu-i) = hot; warm (あつい) 暑く (atsu-ku) = (く(ku)-form) hotly; warmly (あつく) 暑くなる (atsu-ku-na-ru) = to become/get hot; warm (あつくなる) 暑くなっている (atsu-ku-na-tte-i-ru) = becoming/getting hot; warm (あつくなっている) 暑くなった (atsu-ku-na-tta) = (it) became/got hot; warm (あつくなった) から (ka-ra) = since; because 楽しいから (ta-no-shii-ka-ra) = since/because it is fun (たのしいから) 楽しいですか？(ta-no-shii-de-su-ka) = is it fun? (たのしいですか) 楽しくないですか？(ta-no-shi-ku-nai-de-su-ka) = aren't you having fun/isn't it fun? (たのしくないですか) 楽しかったです (ta-no-shi-ka-tta-de-su) = it was fun/enjoyable (たのしかったです) 面白い (o-mo-shi-ro-i) = it is interesting (おもしろい) 面白いから (o-mo-shi-ro-i-ka-ra) = because it is interesting (おもしろいから) 面白くないです (o-mo-shi-ro-ku-nai-de-su) = it is not interesting (おもしろくないです) 面白かった (o-mo-shi-ro-ka-tta) = it was interesting (おもしろかった) 面白かったですか？(o-mo-shi-ro-ka-tta-de-su-ka) = was it interesting? (おもしろかったですか) 面白かったです (o-mo-shi-ro-ka-tta-de-su) = it was interesting (おもしろかったです) 面白くします (o-mo-shi-ro-ku-shi-ma-su) = makes it interesting (おもしろくします) Lesson 2[] 愛 (ai) = love (あい) 愛する (ai-su-ru) = (to) love (suru-verb) (あいする) 愛しています (ai-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I love (あいしています) 愛していますか？(ai-shi-te-i-ma-su-ka) = do you love? (あいしていますか) 疲れる (tsuka-re-ru) = (1) to get tired; to get fatigued; to become exhausted; (...) (v1, vi) (つかれる) 疲れました (tsu-ka-re-ma-shi-ta) = I am tired/I got tired (つかれました) 疲れていますか？(tsu-ka-re-tei-ma-su-ka) = are you tired? (つかれていますか) 怖い (ko-wai) = scary (adjective e.g. 'scary movies') (こわい) 怖いです (ko-wa-i-de-su) = it is scary (こわいです) 怖いんですか？(ko-wa-in-de-su-ka) = is it scary? (こわいんですか) 怖かったです (ko-wa-ka-tta-de-su) = it was scary (こわかったです) 怖かったですか？(ko-wa-ka-tta-de-su-ka) = was it scary? (こわかったですか) Lesson 3[] 暇 (hi-ma) = free/available (ひま) 暇ですか？(hi-ma-de-su-ka) = are you free/available? (ひまですか) つまらなかった (tsu-ma-ra-na-ka-tta) = it was boring つまらなかったですか？(tsu-ma-ra-na-ka-tta-de-su-ka) = was it boring? つまらないですか？(tsu-ma-ra-na-i-de-su-ka) = is it boring? つまらないです (tsu-ma-ra-nai-de-su) = it is boring 困る (koma-ru) = (1) to be troubled; to have difficulty; (...) (v5r, vi) (こまる) 困りました (ko-ma-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I am troubled/in trouble (こまりました) 何が困りましたか？(na-ni-ga-ko-ma-ri-ma-shi-ta-ka) = what is the trouble? (なにがこまりましたか) 困っていますか？(ko-ma-tte-i-ma-su-ka) = are you troubled/in trouble? (こまっていますか) 困っています (ko-ma-tte-i-ma-su) = I am in trouble (こまっています) わかる = to understand; to grasp; to comprehend; (...) (v5r, vi) (uk) わかりました (wa-ka-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I understand わかりましたか？(wa-ka-ri-ma-shi-ta-ka) = did you understand? わかりません (wa-ka-ri-ma-sen) = I do not understand わかってください (wa-ka-tte-ku-da-sai) = please understand わかっています (wa-ka-tte-i-ma-su) = I know Lesson 4[] なぜ (na-ze) = why/how come どうして (dou-shi-te) = why/how about いいん (iin) = alright いいんです (iin-de-su) = that is alright 大変です (tai-hen-de-su) = it is difficult/tough (たいへんです) 大変でした (tai-hen-de-shi-ta) = it was difficult/tough (たいへんでした) 難しいんですか？(mu-zu-ka-shiin-desu-ka) = is it difficult/tough? (むずかしいんですか) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 食べないんですか？(ta-be-na-i-n-de-su-ka) = are you not eating? (たべないんですか) 嫌です (i-ya-de-su) = I do not like it (いやです) 嫌ですか？(i-ya-de-su-ka) = do you not like it? (いやですか) 勉強する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) 勉強していますか？(ben-kyou-shi-tei-ma-su-ka) = are you learning? (べんきょうしていますか) 高かったです (ta-ka-ka-tta-de-su) = it was expensive (たかかったです) 高くなかったです (ta-ka-ku-na-ka-tta-de-su) = it was not expensive (たかくなかったです) 安くなかった (yasu-ku-na-ka-tta) = it was not cheap (やすくなかった) おいしかったです (oi-shi-ka-tta-de-su) = it was delicious おいしくなかったです (oi-shi-ku-na-ka-tta-de-su) = it was not delicious おいしかったですか？(oi-shi-ka-tta-de-su-ka) = was it delicious? 違うんですか？(chi-ga-un-de-su-ka) = is it incorrect/different? (ちがうんですか) Lesson 5[] 嬉しい (u-re-shii) = happy (うれしい) 嬉しいです (u-re-shii-de-su) = I am happy (うれしいです) 嬉しくないです (u-re-shi-ku-nai-de-su) = I am not happy (うれしくないです) 私は幸せだ (wa-ta-shi-wa-shi-a-wa-se-da) = I am happy (わたしはしあわせだ) 悲しそうに (ka-na-shi-sou-ni) = sadly (かなしそうに) 悲しいです (ka-na-shii-de-su) = I am sad (かなしいです) 悲しいですか？(ka-na-shii-de-su-ka) = are you sad? (かなしいですか 気分 (ki-bun) = mood / attitude (きぶん) 気分が悪い (ki-bun-ga-wa-ru-i) = I feel unwell (きぶんがわるい) 親切な (shin-se-tsu-na) = kind / nice (しんせつな) ご親切に (go-shin-se-tsu-ni) = your kindness (ごしんせつに) 気持ち (ki-mo-chi) = feels/feelings (きもち) 気持ちがいいです (ki-mo-chi-ga-ii-desu) = it is comfortable (きもちがいいです) === Skill 39 - Shopping_2 === Lesson 1[] 誰のもの (da-re-no-mo-no) = whose (だれのもの) バター (ba-taa) = butter ハンカチ (han-ka-chi) = handkerchief ネクタイ (ne-ku-tai) = tie グラム (gu-ra-mu) = gram ブラウス (bu-ra-u-su) = blouse ダイヤモンド (da-i-ya-mon-do) = diamond/diamonds どこにもないです (do-ko-ni-mo-nai-de-su) = it is nowhere to be seen 出す (da-su) = to take out; to get out (だす) 出しました (da-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I took it out/I emptied it (だしました) Lesson 2[] もっと (mo-tto) = more もっとかわいい (mo-tto-ka-wai-i) = cuter のほうが (no-hou-ga) = more, better より (yo-ri) = than より暑い (yo-ri-a-tsu-i) = hotter than (よりあつい) 一番 (ichi-ban) = the most/the best (いちばん) 一番近い (ichi-ban-chika-i) = the closest/nearest (いちばんちかい) 洋 (you) = Occident and Orient; foreign; Western, European; ocean (よう) 洋服 (you-fuku) = (western) clothes (ようふく) Lesson 3[] 着る (ki-ru) = to wear (from the shoulders down); to put on (きる) 着て (ki-te) = wore (きて) 締める (shi-me-ru) = (2) to wear (necktie; belt); to put on (v1, vt) (しめる) 締め (shi-me) = tighten (しめ) 締めて (shi-me-te) = to put on (しめて) 締めてください (shi-me-te-ku-da-sai) = please put on (しめてください) 締めます (shi-me-ma-su) = I wear/I put on (しめます) 締めました (shi-me-ma-shi-ta) = he put on (past tense) (しめました) 背 (se) = height (せ) 背広 (se-bi-ro) = suit (せびろ) 上着 (u-wa-gi) = jacket (うわぎ) ワイシャツ (wai-sha-tsu) = dress shirt Lesson 4[] 牛肉 (gyuu-ni-ku) = beef (ぎゅうにく) 豚肉 (bu-ta-ni-ku) = pork (ぶたにく) 鶏肉 (to-ri-ni-ku) = chicken (とりにく) どちらが好きですか？(do-chi-ra-ga-su-ki-de-su-ka) = which do you like better? (どちらがすきですか) 私は鶏肉より牛肉が好きです(wa-ta-shi wa to-ri-ni-ku yo-ri gyuu-ni-ku ga su-ki-de-su) = i like beef better than chicken 私は鶏肉より牛肉のほうが好きです(wa-ta-shi wa to-ri-ni-ku yo-ri gyū-ni-ku no-hou-ga su-ki-de-su) = i like beef better than chicken 静かな所のほうがいいです (shi-zu-ka-na to-ko-ro-no-hou-ga-ii-de-su) = I would prefer a quiet location Lesson 5[] 飴 (a-me) = hard candy/sweets (あめ) 払う (hara-u) = (1) to pay (e.g. money, bill) (v5u, vt) (はらう) 払います (ha-rai-ma-su) = I pay/I will pay (はらいます) お金を払ってください (o-ka-ne-o-ha-ra-tte-ku-da-sai) = please pay the money (おかねをはらってください) かなり+ (adj.) (ka-na-ri) = quite / rather / pretty (adj.) 丈夫 (jou-bu) = durable たくさんの (ta-ku-san-no) = a lot of 次 (tsugi) = next (time); following; subsequent (つぎ) や (ya) = and/or === Skill 40 - Hobby_3 === Lesson 1[] テニス (te-ni-su) = tennis 野球 (ya-kyu-u) = baseball (やきゅう) 練習 (ren-shuu) = practice; training; drill (れんしゅう) 野球の練習 (ya-kyu-u-no-ren-shuu) = baseball practice (やきゅうのれんしゅう) 練習があります (ren-shuu-ga-a-ri-ma-su) = there is practice (れんしゅうがあります) 上手 (jou-zu) = good at (じょうず) 下手 (he-ta) = bad/not good at (へた) 結婚する (ke-kkon-su-ru) = to get married (けっこんする) Normalizing verbs (activities) to describe them (with adverbs): Use the verb (activity) you want to talk about in Plain Form (they always end with an う sound) 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 勉強する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) Add the particle の after the verb: 泳ぐの (oyo-gu-no) = swim/swimming (およぐの) 食べるの (ta-be-ru-no) = eat/eating (たべるの) 勉強するの (ben-kyou-su-ru-no) = study/studying (べんきょうするの) Add the particle が + adverb: 泳ぐのがはやいです (oyo-gu-no-ga-ha-ya-i-de-su) = (I) swim fast/(My) swimming is fast (およぐのがはやいです) 食べるのがすきです (ta-be-ru-no-ga-su-ki-de-su) = (I) like to eat; (I) like eating (たべるのがすきです) 勉強するのが上手です (ben-kyou-su-ru-no-ga-jou-zu-de-su) = (I'm) good at studying (べんきょうするのがじょうずです) Use the verb (activity) you want to talk about in Plain Form (they always end with an う sound) 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 勉強する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 勉強する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) Add the particle の after the verb: 泳ぐの (oyo-gu-no) = swim/swimming (およぐの) 食べるの (ta-be-ru-no) = eat/eating (たべるの) 勉強するの (ben-kyou-su-ru-no) = study/studying (べんきょうするの) 泳ぐの (oyo-gu-no) = swim/swimming (およぐの) 食べるの (ta-be-ru-no) = eat/eating (たべるの) 勉強するの (ben-kyou-su-ru-no) = study/studying (べんきょうするの) Add the particle が + adverb: 泳ぐのがはやいです (oyo-gu-no-ga-ha-ya-i-de-su) = (I) swim fast/(My) swimming is fast (およぐのがはやいです) 食べるのがすきです (ta-be-ru-no-ga-su-ki-de-su) = (I) like to eat; (I) like eating (たべるのがすきです) 勉強するのが上手です (ben-kyou-su-ru-no-ga-jou-zu-de-su) = (I'm) good at studying (べんきょうするのがじょうずです) 泳ぐのがはやいです (oyo-gu-no-ga-ha-ya-i-de-su) = (I) swim fast/(My) swimming is fast (およぐのがはやいです) 食べるのがすきです (ta-be-ru-no-ga-su-ki-de-su) = (I) like to eat; (I) like eating (たべるのがすきです) 勉強するのが上手です (ben-kyou-su-ru-no-ga-jou-zu-de-su) = (I'm) good at studying (べんきょうするのがじょうずです) 泳ぐ (oyo-gu) = to swim (およぐ) 泳ぐのが上手 (oyo-gu-no-ga-jou-zu) = good at swimming (およぐのがじょうず) 勉強+する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) 勉強するの (ben-kyou-su-ru-no) = studying (べんきょうするの) 面白くする (o-mo-shi-ro-ku-su-ru) = makes it interesting (おもしろくする) するの (su-ru-no) = playing 疲れる (tsuka-re-ru) = (1) to get tired; to tire; to get fatigued; (...) (v1, vi) (つかれる) 疲れます (tsu-ka-re-ma-su) = it is tiring (つかれます) Lesson 2[] サッカー (sa-kkaa) = soccer/football アニメ (a-ni-me) = anime カラオケ (ka-ra-o-ke) = karaoke 走るの (hashi-ru-no) = to run (はしるの) 字 (ji) = handwriting/writing neatly (じ) 行く (i-ku) = to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location) (いく) 行くの (i-ku-no) = going to (いくの) 行く時間です (i-ku-ji-kan-de-su) = it is time to go (いくじかんです) Lesson 3[] 漫画 (man-ga) = manga/comic books (まんが) 撮る (to-ru) = to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.) (とる) 写真を撮るの (sha-shin-o-to-ru-no) = taking photos (しゃしんをとるの) 見る (mi-ru) = to see; to look; to watch; to view (みる) 見るの (mi-ru-no) = watching (みるの) 歌う (uta-u) = to sing; to compose or recite a poem (うたう) 歌うの (uta-u-no) = singing (うたうの) 読む (yo-mu) = to read; to recite; to chant (よむ) 読むの (yo-mu-no) = to read/reading (よむの) 弾く (hi-ku) = to play (a stringed instrument or keyboard) (ひく) 弾くの (hi-ku-no) = to play/playing (a musical instrument (ひくの) 楽しいです (ta-no-shi-i-de-su) = it is fun/enjoyable (たのしいです) 引く (hi-ku) = to play (a stringed instrument or keyobard); to look up (in a dictionary); to consult (ひく) ピアノを引くのは難しいです (piano o-hi-ku-no-wa-mu-zu-ka-shii-de-su) = it is hard to play piano 厚い (a-tsu-i) = thick (book) 太い (fu-to-i) = thick (pipe) 薄い (u-su-i) = thin (book) 細い (ho-so-i) = thin (pipe) Lesson 4[] だ (da) = it is, isn't it ゆっくり (yu-kku-ri) = slow; slowly 行く時間だ (i-ku-ji-kan-da) = it is time to go (いくじかんだ) と = used as a quotation particle 頼む (tano-mu) = (1) to ask; to request; to beg; (v5m, vt) (たのむ) 頼みました (ta-no-mi-ma-shi-ta) = I asked (たのみました) (action) + と + 頼みました ((action) + to + tano-mi-ma-shi-ta) = asked to do (the action) 多分 (ta-bun) = probably (たぶん) 簡単 (kan-tan) = simple; easy; uncomplicated (かんたん) 思う (omo-u) = (1) to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon (v5u, vt) (おもう) 思います (o-mo-i-ma-su) = I think (おもいます) 思いますか？(o-mo-i-ma-su-ka) = do you think? (おもいますか) 掃除をする (sō-ji-o-su-ru) = clean もうすぐ (mo-u-su-gu) = soon; shortly; before long; nearly くると思います (ku-ru-to-o-mo-i-ma-su) = think (she) will come 読んでと頼みました (yon-de-to-ta-no-mi-ma-shi-ta) = asked (him) to read Lesson 5[] ボール (boo-ru) = ball 投げる (na-ge-ru) = (1) to throw; to hurl; to fling; to toss; to cast (v1, vt) (なげる) 投げ (na-ge) = to throw (なげ) 投げて (na-ge-te) = throw it (なげて) 投げてください (na-ge-te-ku-da-sai) = please throw it (なげてください) 投げました (na-ge-ma-shi-ta) = I threw it (なげました) 蹴る (ke-ru) = (1) to kick (v5r, vt) (ける) 蹴ってください (ket-te-ku-da-sai) = please kick it (けってください) 蹴りました (ke-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I kicked it (けりました) === Skill 41 - Health_1 === Lesson 1[] 足 (a-shi) = foot/leg (あし) 痛い (ita-i) = painful; sore (いたい) 痛いです (ita-i-de-su) = it hurts (いたいです) 痛くないです (ita-ku-na-i-de-su) = it does not hurt (いたくないです 頭 (a-ta-ma) = head (あたま) 頭がいい (atama-ga-ii) = smart; being smart ("good head"); I am smart (あたまがいい) 風邪 (ka-ze) = a cold (かぜ) 引く (hi-ku) = to pull; to lead; to catch (a cold); to look up (ひく) 引いて (hi-i-te) = I caught/have (a cold) (ひいて) お腹 (o-na-ka) = stomach (おなか) Lesson 2[] 体 (ka-ra-da) = body (からだ) 体が大きい (karada-ga-oo-ki-i) = big body; big boned; stocky; between fat and strong (からだがおおきい) 薬 (ku-su-ri) = medicine (くすり) 背 (se) = one's height (せ) 背が高い (se-ga-taka-i) = tall (person); I am tall (せがたかい) 背が低い (se-ga-hiku-i) = short (person); I am short (せがひくい) 医者 (i-sha) = doctor (いしゃ) 呼ぶ (yo-bu) = to call out; to call; to invoke (よぶ) 医者を呼んでください (i-sha-wo-yo-n-de-ku-da-sa-i) = please call a doctor (いしゃをよんでください) Lesson 3[] 顔 (ka-o) = face (かお) 口 (ku-chi) = mouth (くち) 手 (te) = hand (て) 鼻 (ha-na) = nose (はな) 鼻水 (ha-na mi-zu) = nasal mucus ぶどう (bu-dō) = grapes 病気 (byō-ki) = sick (びょうき) 病気だ (byō-ki-da) = I am sick (びょうきだ) 気持ちが悪いです (ki-mo-chi-ga-wa-rui-de-su) = I feel sick/unwell ("My feelings are bad.") (きもちがわるいです) (...)すぎる ((...)-su-gi-ru) = (Used as an Auxiliary Verb in this lesson) (6) to (be) too much; to be too ... (v1, vi, suf) (uk) (verb stem) + すぎる = too much (of a verb); e.g. eat too much, drink too much, etc. すぎます (su-gi-ma-su) = it is too much/too many 食べ + すぎた (ta-be-su-gi-ta) = ate too many/too much (たべすぎた) 飲み + すぎて (yo-mi-su-gi-te) = drank too much (よみすぎて) (adjective stem) + すぎる = too much (of an adjective); e.g. too cold, far too many, etc. 多い (ō-i) = many; numerous; a lot; large amount of (おおい) 多 + すぎる (ō-su-gi-ru) = to be far too many/far too much (おおすぎる) かわいい (ka-wa-i-i) = cute; adorable; charming かわい + すぎる (ka-wa-i-su-gi-ru) = to be too cute/too adorable (verb stem) + すぎる = too much (of a verb); e.g. eat too much, drink too much, etc. すぎます (su-gi-ma-su) = it is too much/too many 食べ + すぎた (ta-be-su-gi-ta) = ate too many/too much (たべすぎた) 飲み + すぎて (yo-mi-su-gi-te) = drank too much (よみすぎて) すぎます (su-gi-ma-su) = it is too much/too many 食べ + すぎた (ta-be-su-gi-ta) = ate too many/too much (たべすぎた) 飲み + すぎて (yo-mi-su-gi-te) = drank too much (よみすぎて) (adjective stem) + すぎる = too much (of an adjective); e.g. too cold, far too many, etc. 多い (ō-i) = many; numerous; a lot; large amount of (おおい) 多 + すぎる (ō-su-gi-ru) = to be far too many/far too much (おおすぎる) かわいい (ka-wa-i-i) = cute; adorable; charming かわい + すぎる (ka-wa-i-su-gi-ru) = to be too cute/too adorable 多い (ō-i) = many; numerous; a lot; large amount of (おおい) 多 + すぎる (ō-su-gi-ru) = to be far too many/far too much (おおすぎる) かわいい (ka-wa-i-i) = cute; adorable; charming かわい + すぎる (ka-wa-i-su-gi-ru) = to be too cute/too adorable Lesson 4[] 耳 (mimi) = ear/eyes, hearing (みみ) 目 (me) = eye/eyes (め) 髪 (kami) = hair (on the head) (かみ) ん (n) = emphasis 切る (ki-ru) = to cut; to cut through (きる) 髪を切りました (kami-wo-ki-ri-ma-shi-ta)= I cut my hair/I got a haircut (かみをきりました) 洗う (ara-u) = to wash; to cleanse; to rinse (あらう) 洗いませんでした (ara-i-ma-sen-de-shi-ta) = I did not wash it (あらいませんでした) 寒いんだ (samu-i-n-da) = it's cold (さむいんだ) 欲しいんです (ho-shi-i-n-de-su) = I would like (ほしいんです) Lesson 5[] 歯 (ha) = tooth/teeth (は) 眼鏡 (me-ga-ne) = glasses (めがね) 背中 (se-na-ka) = back (せなか) まっすぐ (ma-ssu-gu) = straight; upright; erect まっすぐにしてください (ma-ssu-gu-ni-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = please straighten it 磨く (miga-ku) = (1) to polish; to shine; to brush (teeth) (v5k, vt) (みがく) 歯を磨く (ha-wo-miga-ku) = (exp,v5k) to brush one's teeth (はをみがく) 磨きます (mi-ga-ki-ma-su) = I brush/polish (みがきます) 磨きましたか？(mi-ga-ki-ma-shi-ta-ka) = did you brush/polish? (みがきましたか) 磨いてください (mi-ga-i-te-ku-da-sai) = please brush/polish (みがいてください) 磨かないでください (mi-ga-ka-nai-de-ku-da-sai) = please do not brush/polish (みがかないでください) Lesson 6[] あった (a-tta) = there was/there were 何か (na-ni-ka) = something (なにか) あったんですか？ (a-ttan-de-su-ka) = did happen? 何かあったんですか？ (na-ni-ka-a-ttan-de-su-ka) = did something happen? (なにかあったんですか) だった (da-tta) = was/were どうだった？(dō-da-tta) = how was it? どうしたの？(dō-shi-ta-no) = what's wrong? 帰る (kae-ru) = to go home; return (to origin); to come home; to go back (かえる) 帰った (kae-tta) = I returned/came back/go home (かえった) 運転手 (un-ten-shu) = driver; chauffeur (うんてんしゅ) 親切 (shin-setsu) = kind; gentle; considerate; generous (しんせつ) (reason) + ので + (conclusion) = Because of (reason) -> (conclusion) (action) + ほうがいい (hō-ga-i-i) = you should/It would be best to (action) 休む (yasu-mu) = (2) to rest; to have a break (v5m, vi) (やすむ) 休んだ (ya-sun-da) = I will rest/get some rest/take a day off, I rested/took a day off (やすんだ) 運動 (un-dou) = exercise; physical training; workout; sports (うんどう) 運動する (un-dou-su-ru) = (to) exercise; (to) workout (suru-verb) (うんどうする) 運動するのです (un-dō-su-ru-no-de-su) = I work out/I exercise (うんどうするのです) 運動するのですか？(un-dō-su-ru-no-de-su-ka) = do you work out/exercise? (うんどうするのですか) 運動した (un-dō-shi-ta) = I worked out/I exercised (うんどうした) きれいにした (ki-rei-ni-shi-ta) = I cleaned Lesson 7[] ある (a-ru) = plain form of to be; to exist (e.g. It is/there is) ない (na-i) = plain negative of ある (e.g. It isn't/there isn't) あった (a-tta) = plain past of ある (e.g. It was/there was) なかった (na-ka-tta) = plain past negative of ある (e.g. It wasn't/there wasn't) 私はお金がなかった (watashi-wa-o-kane-ga-na-ka-tta) = I had no money (literally: "there wasn't any money") なる (na-ru) = (1) to become; to get; to grow; (...) (v5r, vi) (uk) なった (na-tta) = it became/it got (adverbial) + なる = to become (adverbial) 暑い (atsu-i) = hot; warm; heated (あつい) 暑く (connective form of 暑い) + なる (atsu-ku-na-ru)= to become hot (あつくなる) 暑く + なった (atsu-ku-na-tta)= it became hot (あつくなった) 勉強 + する (ben-kyou-su-ru) = to study (べんきょうする) 勉強しなかった (ben-kyou-shi-na-ka-tta) = I did not study (べんきょうしなかった) 運動 + する (un-dou-su-ru) = to exercise; to workout (うんどうする) 運動しない (un-dō-shi-nai) = I do not exercise (うんどうしない) 運動しなかった (un-dō-shi-na-ka-tta) = I did not exercise (うんどうしなかった) 食べる (ta-be-ru) = to eat (たべる) 食べてない (ta-be-te-nai) = I have not eaten (たべてない) 食べていなかった (ta-be-tei-na-ka-tta) = I was not eating (たべていなかった) 飲む (no-mu) = to drink; to gulp; to swallow (のむ) 飲んでいなかった (non-de-i-na-ka-tta) = I was not drinking (のんでいなかった) 答える (kota-e-ru) = to answer; to reply (v1, vi) (P) (こたえる) 答えた (ko-ta-e-ta) = I answered (こたえた) 浴びる (a-bi-ru) = to take (a shower) (あびる) 浴びた (a-bi-ta) = I took/I bathed (あびた) 読む (yo-mu) = to read; to recite; to chant (よむ) 読んでいた (yon-dei-ta) = I was reading (よんでいた) 太る (futo-ru) = to gain weight; to put on weight; (...) (v5r, vi) (P) (ふとる) もっと太っていました (mo-tto-fu-to-tte-i-ma-shi-ta) = I was fatter (もっとふとっていました) 痩せ (ya-se) = thin (やせ) 痩せていた (ya-se-te-i-ta) = I was thin (やせていた) 痩せていません (ya-se-te-i-ma-sen) = I am not thin (やせていません) 待つ (ma-tsu) = to wait; to await; to look forward to (まつ) 待っていてください (ma-tte-i-te-ku-da-sai) = please wait (まっていてください) === Skill 42 - Games === Lesson 1[] ゼルダ (ze-ru-da) = Zelda (female name) ゲーム (gee-mu) = video game スマホ (su-ma-ho) = smart phone オタク (o-ta-ku) = otakus/geeks/nerds 伝説 (den-setsu) = legend/legends (でんせつ) 多くの (oo-ku-no) = many (おおくの) 一番好きな (ichi-ban-su-ki-na) = (my/your/etc.) favorite (いちばんすきな) いろいろな (i-ro-i-ro-na) = various Lesson 2[] 初心者 (sho-shin-sha) = beginner/novice (しょしんしゃ) (‘person of initial intentions’) 倒す (tao-su) = (2) to defeat; to kill; to beat (v5s, vt) (たおす) 倒し (tao-shi) = defeat (たおし) 倒した (tao-shi-ta) = I defeated (たおした) 倒しました (tao-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I defeated it (たおしました) 倒しましたか？(tao-shi-ma-shi-ta-ka) = did you defeat it? (たおしましたか) レベル (re-be-ru) = level ボス (bo-su) = boss 小包 (ko-zu-tsu-mi) = parcel 高すぎる (ta-ka-su-gi-ru) = too high Lesson 3[] チーム (chii-mu) = team 試合 (shi-ai) = match/game/competition (しあい) 勝つ (ka-tsu) = to win; to gain victory (v5s, vi) (P) (かつ) ✅ 試合に勝ちました = won at the match (in English: "won the match") ❌ 試合を勝ちました = Since 勝つ is intransitive, it cannot have an object[1] ✅ 試合に勝ちました = won at the match (in English: "won the match") ❌ 試合を勝ちました = Since 勝つ is intransitive, it cannot have an object[1] 勝ちます (ka-chi-ma-su) = I will win (かちます) 勝ちました (ka-chi-ma-shi-ta) = I won (かちました) 勝っていますか？(ka-tte-i-ma-su-ka) = are you winning? (かっていますか) 負ける (ma-ke-ru) = (1) to lose; to be defeated (v1, vi) (まける) 負けました (ma-ke-ma-shi-ta) = I lost (まけました) 負けなかった (ma-ke-na-ka-tta) = I did not lose (まけなかった) Lesson 4[] 最初 (sai-sho) = beginning; first; onset (さいしょ) 最初から (sai-sho-ka-ra) = from the beginning (さいしょから) に勝つ (ni-ka-tsu) = it wins against/it beats (にかつ) に負ける (ni-ma-ke-ru) = it loses to (まける) グー (guu) = rock パー (paa) = paper チョキ (cho-ki) = scissors じゃんけん (jan-ken) = rock-paper-scissors じゃんけんポン (jan-ken-pon) = rock-paper-scissors shoot Lesson 5[] 得意 (to-kui) = good at (とくい) 得意だ (to-kui-da) = I am good at (とくいだ) 苦手 (ni-ga-te) = bad at (にがて) 苦手だ (ni-ga-te-da) = I am bad at (にがてだ) ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/33758337?comment_id=41084661 === Skill 43 - The_City === Lesson 1[] メイド (me-i-do) = maid/maids 渋谷 (shibu-ya) = Shibuya (Tokyo area) (しぶや) 秋葉原 (aki-ha-bara) = Akihabara (Tokyo area) (あきはばら) 原宿 (hara-juku) = Harajuku (Tokyo area) (はらじゅく) 買いましょう (ka-i-ma-sho-u) = let's buy (かいましょう) 買い物をしました (ka-i-mono-o-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I went shopping (かいものをしました) 止まりますか？(to-ma-ri-ma-su-ka) = does it stop? (とまりますか) Lesson 2[] コスプレをします(ko-su-pu-re-wo-shi-ma-su) = cosplay/dress up 交差点 (kou-sa-ten) = intersection/crossing (こうさてん) 池袋 (ike-bukuro) = Ikebukuro (Tokyo area) (いけぶくろ) 新宿 (shin-juku) = Shinjuku (Tokyo area) (しんじゅく) 賑やか (nigi-ya-ka) = lively; crowded; busy; bustling (にぎやか) 乗る (no-ru) = (v5r, vi) to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to board (のる) 乗った (no-tta) = I rode on/I took (のった) 乗っています (no-tte-i-ma-su) = I am riding (のっっています) 通る (too-ru) = (1) to go past; to go by; to go along; to travel along; (...) (v5r, vi) (とおる) 通りました (too-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I passed by (とおりました) Lesson 3[] 線 (sen) = line/lines (せん) 便利 (ben-ri) = convenient; handy; useful (べんり) 通り (too-ri) = avenue; street; way; road (とおり) 山手線 (yama-note-sen) = the Yamanote line (やまのてせん) メトロ (me-to-ro) = metro サラリーマン (sa-ra-rii-ma-n) = office worker/workers ("salaryman") 混む (ko-mu) = to be crowded; to be packed; to be congested; (...) (v5m, vi) (こむ) (action/verb in -て(te)-form) + いる/います = on-going action/verb 混んでいる (ko-n-de-i-ru) = (on-going process of) being crowded (こんでいる) 混んでいます (ko-n-de-i-ma-su) = (on-going process of) being crowded (こんでいます) 人で混んでいます = being crowded with people 混んでいる (ko-n-de-i-ru) = (on-going process of) being crowded (こんでいる) 混んでいます (ko-n-de-i-ma-su) = (on-going process of) being crowded (こんでいます) 人で混んでいます = being crowded with people 人で混んでいます = being crowded with people 多くの人 (ōku no hito) = many people 面 (men) = face; mask (めん) 面する (men-su-ru) = to face on; to look out on to (suru-verb) (めんする) (action/verb in て-form) + いる/います = on-going action/verb 面している (men-shi-te-i-ru) = (plain) to be facing on/to be looking out onto (めんしている) 面しています (men-shi-te-i-ma-su) = (polite) to be facing on/to be looking out onto (にめんしています) 面している (men-shi-te-i-ru) = (plain) to be facing on/to be looking out onto (めんしている) 面しています (men-shi-te-i-ma-su) = (polite) to be facing on/to be looking out onto (にめんしています) (direction) + に面している (ni-men-shi-te-i-ru) = to be facing (direction) (にめんしている) 北に面している (kita-ni-men-shi-te-i-ru) = to be facing north (きたにめんしている) 南に面している (minami-ni-men-shi-te-i-ru) = to be facing south (みなみにめんしている) 北に面している (kita-ni-men-shi-te-i-ru) = to be facing north (きたにめんしている) 南に面している (minami-ni-men-shi-te-i-ru) = to be facing south (みなみにめんしている) (action/verb in plain past) + ことがありますか = Have you ever [done the (action/verb)]? Lesson 4[] 市 (shi) = -city (suffix) (し) 都市 (to-shi) = city (とし) 市 (shi) = city (word) (し) [from Lesson Work 3] 首都 (shu-to) = capital (しゅと) 近所 (kin-jo) = neighborhood (きんじょ) 人口 (jin-kou) = population (じんこう) どれくらい (do-re-ku-ra-i) = how much; how long; how far (どれ位) 場所 (ba-sho) = place/location (ばしょ) 料理の店 (ryou-ri-no-mise) = restaurant (りょうりのみせ) 借りる (ka-ri-ru) = (2) to rent; to hire (v1, vt) (かりる) (action/verb in て-form) + いる/います = on-going action/verb 借りている = to be renting (a place, an apartment, etc.) (かりている) アパートを借りている = to be renting an aparment 借りている = to be renting (a place, an apartment, etc.) (かりている) アパートを借りている = to be renting an aparment 借りています (ka-ri-te-i-ma-su) = is renting 教える (oshi-e-ru) = (v1, vt) to teach; to tell; to inform; to instruct (おしえる) 教えてください (oshi-e-te-ku-da-sa-i) = please tell (me) (おしえてください) Lesson 5[] 銀座 (gin-za) = Ginza (area in Tokyo) (ぎんざ) 広島 (hiro-shima) = Hiroshima (ひろしま) 増える (fu-e-ru) = to increase; to multiply (v1, vi) (P) (ふえる) 増え (fu-e) = increase (ふえ) 増えた (fu-e-ta) = it has increased (ふえた) 増えている (fu-e-te-i-ru) = it is increasing (ふえている) 減る (he-ru) = to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate (v5r, vi) (P) (へる) 減った (he-tta) = it has fallen/reduced (へった) 減りました (he-ri-ma-shi-ta) = it has fallen/reduced (へりました) お腹 (o-naka) = stomach; belly; abdomen (おなか) お腹が減った (o-hara-ga-he-tta) = I'm starving (literally: "(my) stomach has decreased") (おはらがへった) 乗る (no-ru) = (v5r, vi) to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to board (のる) Lesson 6[] 数 (ka-zu) = number (かず) 住民 (juu-min) = residents (じゅうみん) 広場 (hiro-ba) = square/forum/open area (ひろば) 集まる (atsu-ma-ru) = to gather; to collect; to assemble (v5r, vi) (P) (あつまる) 集まり (atsu-ma-ri) = we will gather (あつまり) 集まった (atsu-ma-tta) = we gathered (あつまった) 集まっている (atsu-ma-tte-i-ru) = we are gathered (あつまっている) 集まろう (atsu-ma-ro-u) = let's gather (あつまろう) 集まりましょう (atsu-ma-ri-ma-sho-u) = let's gather/let's get together (あつまりましょう) === Skill 44 - Olympics === Lesson 1[] 選手 (sen-shu) = athlete (せんしゅ) 泳ぐ (o-yo-gu) = swim 水泳 (sui-ei) = swimming (すいえい) 水泳選手 (sui-ei-sen-shu) = a swimmer (すいえいせんしゅ) 体操 (tai-sou) = warm-up/gymnastics (たいそう) 運動 (un-do) = exercise 陸上 (riku-jou) = track and field (りくじょう) なりたいです (na-ri-ta-i-de-su) = I want to be/become なりたくない (na-ri-ta-ku-na-i) = I don't want to be/become Lesson 2[] 会場 (kai-jou) = stadium [also, venue] (かいじょう) 種目 (shu-moku) = event/events (しゅもく) 試合 (shi-ai) = match オリンピック (o-ri-n-pi-kku) = the Olympics どうやって = how; in what way; by what means 柔道 (juu-dou) = judo (じゅうどう) 見たいですか？(mi-ta-i-de-su-ka) = do you want to see it? (みたいですか) 楽しむ (tano-shi-mu) = to enjoy (oneself) (v5m) (P) (たのしむ) 楽しみ = (adj-na, n) = enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; amusement (たのしみ) 楽しみにする (tano-shi-mi-ni-su-ru) = to look forward/have the intention to (do) something (exp, vs-i) (たのしみにする) 楽しみにしている = looking forward/having the intention to (do) something (たのしみにしている) 出る (de-ru) = (7) to participate; to attend; to take part; (...) (v1, vi) (でる) 出ます (de-ma-su) = I will participate/I am participating (でます) 出たいです (de-ta-i-de-su) = I want to participate (でたいです) 行きたいです (i-ki-ta-i-de-su) = I want to go (いきたいです) 練習して (ren-shuu-shi-te) = I am practicing (れんしゅうして) Lesson 3[] 空手 (kara-te) = karate (からて) スキー (su-kii) = skiing ゴルフ (go-ru-fu) = golf 卓球 (ta-kkyu) = table tennis (たっきゅう) バスケットボール (ba-su-ke-tto-boo-ru) = basketball うまい (u-ma-i) = skillful; skilful; clever; expert; wise うまいです (u-ma-i-de-su) = you are good at it もっと速く (mo-tto-haya-ku) = faster (もっとはやく) 動く (ugo-ku) = (1) to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing (v5k, vi) (うごく) 動いて (ugo-i-te) = move (うごいて) 動きます (ugo-ki-ma-su) = it moves/it runs on (うごきます) 動いている (ugo-i-te-i-ru) = it is moving/it is running on (うごいている) 動かないでください (ugo-ka-na-i-de-ku-da-sa-i) = please do not move (うごないでください) 遠くに何か動いているものがある (tō-ku ni na-ni-ka u-go-i-te i-ru mo-no ga a-ru) = There is something moving in the distance. Lesson 4[] メダル (me-da-ru) = medal/medals 銅 (do-u) = bronze (どう) 銀 (gi-n) = silver (ぎん) 金 (ki-n) = gold (きん) 金属 (kin-zoku) = metal/metals (きんぞく) より重い (yo-ri-omo-i) = heavier than (よりおもい) 出きる (de-ki-ru) = (3) to be made; to be built (v1, vi) (uk) (できる) ...でできている (de-de-ki-te-i-ru) = it is made of ... ...でできています (de-de-ki-te-i-ma-su) = it is made from ... 取る (to-ru) = (3) to win; to get; to obtain; to acquire; (...) (v5r, vt) (とる) 取りました (to-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I won (とりました) === Skill 45 - Favors === Lesson 1[] プレゼント (pu-re-ze-n-to) = a present 借りる (ka-ri-ru) = (1) to borrow; to have a loan (v1, vt) (かりる) 借りてもいいですか (ka-ri-te mo ī-de-su-ka) = May I borrow 珍しい (mezura-shi-i) = (1) unusual; rare; curious (adj-i) (めずらしい) こんなに = like this; so; in this way (adv) (P) ために = (1) for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; (+) (conj) 送る (oku-ru) = (1) to send (a thing); to dispatch; (+) (v5r, vt) (おくる) Previously learned: 妻 (tsuma) = (1) wife (つま) 妻 (tsuma) = (1) wife (つま) Lesson 2[] お手伝い (o-tetsu-da-i) = (2) help; assistance (n, vs, vt) (pol) (hon) (おてつだい) お手伝いします = I will help you お手伝いします = I will help you 教えてくれます = s/he teaches me/us 買ってくれた (ka-tte ku-re-ta) = s/he bought for 買ってやった (kai-tte ya-tta) = I bought for 手伝ってやろう (te-tsu-da-tte ya-rō) = I will help you Lesson 3[] 探す (saga-su) = (1) to look for; to search for (v5s, vt) (さがす) 探し (saga-shi) = looking for (さがし) お探し (o-saga-shi) = looking for (polite) (おさがし) 髪を切る (kami-wo-ki-ru) = (1) to get a haircut (exp, v5r) (かみをきる) 無料 (mu-ryou) = free (of charge); gratuitous (adj-no, n) (P) (むりょう) 無料です (mu-ryō de-su) = it is free (something) + を + 無料でもらいました (mu-ryou-de-mo-ra-i-ma-shi-ta)= (I) got (something) for free (をむりょうでもらいました) 起こす (o-ko-su) = (2) to wake; to wake up; to waken; to awaken (v5s, vt) (おこす) 起こしてもらいます (o-ko-shi-te-mo-ra-i-ma-su) = to get waken up (as a favor) (おこしてもらいます) 一緒に来てくれないの (i-ssho-ni ki-te-ku-re-nai-no) = Won't you come with me (action) + いいですか? = "May I/Is it ok if I (action)"? (action) + もいいですか? = "May I/Is it ok if I (action)"? (polite) くれる (ku-re-ru) = (2) to give (v1-s, vt) (uk) Previously learned: 借りる (ka-ri-ru) = (1) to borrow; to have a loan (v1, vt) (かりる) もらう (mo-ra-u) = (1) to receive; to take; to accept (v5u, vt) (uk) 雑誌 (za-sshi) = magazine; journal; periodical; (P) (ざっし) 手紙 (te-gami) = letter; missive; note; mail (n) (P) (てがみ) 借りる (ka-ri-ru) = (1) to borrow; to have a loan (v1, vt) (かりる) もらう (mo-ra-u) = (1) to receive; to take; to accept (v5u, vt) (uk) 雑誌 (za-sshi) = magazine; journal; periodical; (P) (ざっし) 手紙 (te-gami) = letter; missive; note; mail (n) (P) (てがみ) Lesson 4[] 発音 (hatsu-on) = (1) pronunciation (n, vs) (はつおん) 発音する (hatsu-on-su-ru) = (to) pronounce (suru-verb) (はつおんする) 歯医者 (ha-i-sha) = dentist (‘tooth doctor’) (はいしゃ) 配達 (hai-ta-tsu) = delivery 必要 (hitsu-you) = (1) needed; necessary; essential; indispensable (adj-na) (ひつよう) 行く必要はありません (i-ku hi-tsu-yō-wa-a-ri-ma-sen) = there is no need to go サービス (sā-bi-su) = service 有料 (yū-ryō) = (1) fee-charging; paid; not free (adj-no, n) (ゆうりょう) いただける (i-ta-da-ke-ru) = (1) to be able to receive/take/accept (v1, vi) (hum) (uk) (request) + いただけませんか? (i-ta-da-ke-ma-se-n-ka) = would you mind (request) for me? 発音していただけませんか? = Would you mind pronouncing for me? 発音していただけませんか? = Would you mind pronouncing for me? してもらいますか (shi-te-mo-rai-ma-su-ka) = could you do (it) Previously learned: 届ける (todo-ke-ru) = (1) to deliver; to forward; to send (v1, vt) (とどける) 届く (todo-ku) = (2) to arrive; to be delivered (v5k, vi) (とどく) かかる (ka-ka-ru) = (1) to take (a resource, e.g. time or money) (v5r, vi) (uk) 散歩する (san-po-su-ru) = (to) walk; (to take a) walk; (to) stroll (suru-verb) (さんぽする) 洗濯 (sen-taku) = (1) laundry; washing (n, vs) (せんたく) 言葉 (koto-ba) = (2) word; phrase; expression; term (n) (ことば) 難しい (muzuka-shi-i) = (1) difficult; hard; troublesome; (...) (adj-i) (むずかしい) 授業 (ju-gyou) = lesson; class work; teaching; instruction (n, vs, vi) (P) (じゅぎょう) 荷物 (ni-motsu) = (1) luggage; baggage; package (n) (にもつ) 三日 (mi-kka) = (2) three days (n) (P) (みっか) きれい (ki-re-i) = (1) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair (adj-na) (uk) 届ける (todo-ke-ru) = (1) to deliver; to forward; to send (v1, vt) (とどける) 届く (todo-ku) = (2) to arrive; to be delivered (v5k, vi) (とどく) かかる (ka-ka-ru) = (1) to take (a resource, e.g. time or money) (v5r, vi) (uk) 散歩する (san-po-su-ru) = (to) walk; (to take a) walk; (to) stroll (suru-verb) (さんぽする) 洗濯 (sen-taku) = (1) laundry; washing (n, vs) (せんたく) 言葉 (koto-ba) = (2) word; phrase; expression; term (n) (ことば) 難しい (muzuka-shi-i) = (1) difficult; hard; troublesome; (...) (adj-i) (むずかしい) 授業 (ju-gyou) = lesson; class work; teaching; instruction (n, vs, vi) (P) (じゅぎょう) 荷物 (ni-motsu) = (1) luggage; baggage; package (n) (にもつ) 三日 (mi-kka) = (2) three days (n) (P) (みっか) きれい (ki-re-i) = (1) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair (adj-na) (uk) Lesson 5[] すごく (su-go-ku) = very すごい (su-go-i) = (2) amazing; terrific; incredible; wonderful; (...) (adj-i) (uk) 作文 (saku-bun) = (1) writing (an essay, prose, etc.); composition (n, vs, vi) (さくぶん) 悲しい (kana-shi-i) = (1) sad; miserable; unhappy; sorrowful (adj-i) (かなしい) あんな (an-na) = like that (over there) もいいです = It's ok even if ... [1] も = (4) even if; even though; although; in spite of (prt) いい = (4) OK; all right; fine; no problem (adj-ix) (P) です = (to) be; is , も = (4) even if; even though; although; in spite of (prt) いい = (4) OK; all right; fine; no problem (adj-ix) (P) です = (to) be; is , To express "You don't have to/need to (verb)/It's ok even if you don't (verb)": (-て(te) form of the plain negative verb) + (もいいです) 読む (yo-mu) = (Plain form) (1) to read; (2) to recite; to chant (v5m, vt) (よむ) 読まない (yo-ma-na-i) = (Plain negative) don't read; won't read (よむない) [3] 読まなくて (yo-ma-na-ku-te) = (-て(te) form of the plain negative) (よまなくて) [2] 読まなくてもいいです (yo-ma-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to read/It's ok even if you don't read 行く (i-ku) = (Plain form) (1) to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); (...) (v5k-s, vi) (いく) 行かない (i-ka-na-i) = (Plain negative) don't go; won't go (いかない) [4] 行かなくて (i-ka-na-ku-te) = (-て(te) form of the plain negative) (いかなくて) [2] 行かなくてもいいです (i-ka-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to go/It's ok even if you don't go 読む (yo-mu) = (Plain form) (1) to read; (2) to recite; to chant (v5m, vt) (よむ) 読まない (yo-ma-na-i) = (Plain negative) don't read; won't read (よむない) [3] 読まなくて (yo-ma-na-ku-te) = (-て(te) form of the plain negative) (よまなくて) [2] 読まなくてもいいです (yo-ma-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to read/It's ok even if you don't read 読まなくてもいいです (yo-ma-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to read/It's ok even if you don't read 行く (i-ku) = (Plain form) (1) to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); (...) (v5k-s, vi) (いく) 行かない (i-ka-na-i) = (Plain negative) don't go; won't go (いかない) [4] 行かなくて (i-ka-na-ku-te) = (-て(te) form of the plain negative) (いかなくて) [2] 行かなくてもいいです (i-ka-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to go/It's ok even if you don't go 行かなくてもいいです (i-ka-na-ku-te-mo-i-i-de-su) = You don't have to go/It's ok even if you don't go Previously learned: 書く (ka-ku) = (1) to write; to compose; to pen (v5k, vt) (かく) 今週 (kon-shuu) = this week (n, adv) (P) (こんしゅう) すごく (su-go-ku) = awfully; very; immensely (adv) (uk) 書く (ka-ku) = (1) to write; to compose; to pen (v5k, vt) (かく) 今週 (kon-shuu) = this week (n, adv) (P) (こんしゅう) すごく (su-go-ku) = awfully; very; immensely (adv) (uk) Lesson 6[] 優しい (yasa-shi-i) = kind; gentle; affectionate; (+) (adj-i) (P) 優しくする (yasa-shi-ku-su-ru) = to treat kindly; to be kind to (exp, vs-i) (やさしくする) ...を...に配達して(...-wo-...-ni-hai-ta-tsu-shi-te) = deliver ... to ... ...を貸して (...-wo-ka-shi-te) = lend me ... あの人は誰か知っていますか？ (a-no-hi-to-wa-da-re-ka-shi-tte-i-ma-su-ka) = Do you know who that person is 窓を開けていただきたいんですが (ma-do-o-a-ke-te i-ta-da-ki-ta-in-de-su-ga) = I would like you to open a window 来ていただきたいんですが (ki-te i-ta-da-ki-ta-in-de-su-ga) = I would like you to come と思います (to-o-mo-i-ma-su) = I think that 行き方 (i-ki-kata) = (1) way of going; route (n) (いきかた) To request a favor: (verb (request) in -て(te) form) + くれる: [6] You can use different conjugations of くれる: てくれる (te ku-re-ru) = regular request (e.g.) てつだってくれる？= Will you help me? てくれます (te ku-re-ma-su) = polite request てくれた (te ku-re-ta) てくれない (te ku-re-na-i) てくれませんか (te ku-re-ma-se-n-ka) = won't you/could you (e.g.) 写真を撮ってくれませんか？= won't you/could you please take a photo for me? You can use different conjugations of くれる: てくれる (te ku-re-ru) = regular request (e.g.) てつだってくれる？= Will you help me? てくれます (te ku-re-ma-su) = polite request てくれた (te ku-re-ta) てくれない (te ku-re-na-i) てくれませんか (te ku-re-ma-se-n-ka) = won't you/could you (e.g.) 写真を撮ってくれませんか？= won't you/could you please take a photo for me? てくれる (te ku-re-ru) = regular request (e.g.) てつだってくれる？= Will you help me? (e.g.) てつだってくれる？= Will you help me? てくれます (te ku-re-ma-su) = polite request てくれませんか (te ku-re-ma-se-n-ka) = won't you/could you (e.g.) 写真を撮ってくれませんか？= won't you/could you please take a photo for me? (e.g.) 写真を撮ってくれませんか？= won't you/could you please take a photo for me? To soften a request/make it sound more polite: a) (request) + んだけど: 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) (something) + が + 欲しい = I want (something) (now!) (something) + が + 欲しいんだけど = I would like (something) (...but it's ok if you don't have it) コーヒーが欲しい = I want a coffe (now!) [8] コーヒーが欲しいんだけど = I would like a coffe (...but it's ok if you don't have one) b) (reason) + んだけど -> request a favor (~てくれる): [5] ちょっと暑いんだけど... = (Since/because) It's a little hot... 窓を開けてくれない = Could you please open the window? a) (request) + んだけど: 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) (something) + が + 欲しい = I want (something) (now!) (something) + が + 欲しいんだけど = I would like (something) (...but it's ok if you don't have it) コーヒーが欲しい = I want a coffe (now!) [8] コーヒーが欲しいんだけど = I would like a coffe (...but it's ok if you don't have one) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) (something) + が + 欲しい = I want (something) (now!) (something) + が + 欲しいんだけど = I would like (something) (...but it's ok if you don't have it) コーヒーが欲しい = I want a coffe (now!) [8] コーヒーが欲しいんだけど = I would like a coffe (...but it's ok if you don't have one) コーヒーが欲しい = I want a coffe (now!) [8] コーヒーが欲しいんだけど = I would like a coffe (...but it's ok if you don't have one) b) (reason) + んだけど -> request a favor (~てくれる): [5] ちょっと暑いんだけど... = (Since/because) It's a little hot... 窓を開けてくれない = Could you please open the window? ちょっと暑いんだけど... = (Since/because) It's a little hot... 窓を開けてくれない = Could you please open the window? To request/ask somebody to do something: (verb (request) in -て(te) form) + もらう: [7] You can use different conjugations of もらう: てもらう (te-mo-ra-u) てもらわない (te-mo-ra-wa-na-i) てもらいたい (te-mo-ra-i-ta-i) = to express want/desire てもらいます (te-mo-ra-i-ma-su) = polite request てもらいませんか (te-mo-ra-i-ma-se-n-ka) = Won't you/could you (do something for me) (e.g.) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 電話を貸す (den-wa wo ka-su) = to lend a phone (でんわをかす) 電話を貸してもらえませんか？= Won't you/Could you lend me your phone? You can use different conjugations of もらう: てもらう (te-mo-ra-u) てもらわない (te-mo-ra-wa-na-i) てもらいたい (te-mo-ra-i-ta-i) = to express want/desire てもらいます (te-mo-ra-i-ma-su) = polite request てもらいませんか (te-mo-ra-i-ma-se-n-ka) = Won't you/could you (do something for me) (e.g.) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 電話を貸す (den-wa wo ka-su) = to lend a phone (でんわをかす) 電話を貸してもらえませんか？= Won't you/Could you lend me your phone? てもらいたい (te-mo-ra-i-ta-i) = to express want/desire てもらいます (te-mo-ra-i-ma-su) = polite request てもらいませんか (te-mo-ra-i-ma-se-n-ka) = Won't you/could you (do something for me) (e.g.) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 電話を貸す (den-wa wo ka-su) = to lend a phone (でんわをかす) 電話を貸してもらえませんか？= Won't you/Could you lend me your phone? (e.g.) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 電話を貸す (den-wa wo ka-su) = to lend a phone (でんわをかす) 電話を貸してもらえませんか？= Won't you/Could you lend me your phone? 電話を貸す (den-wa wo ka-su) = to lend a phone (でんわをかす) 電話を貸してもらえませんか？= Won't you/Could you lend me your phone? Previously learned: 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 開ける (a-ke-ru) = (1) to open (a door, etc.); to unlock; (...) (v1, vt) (あける) 教える (oshi-e-ru) = (1) to teach; to instruct (v1, vt) (おしえる) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 思う (omo-u) = (1) to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon (v5u, vt) (おもう) まで (made) = (1) until (a time); till; to; up to (prt) (uk) ませんか (ma-se-n-ka) = (2) won't you/could you (exp) (P) (request) + ませんか? (ma-se-n-ka) = (2) won't you (resquest)? /could you (request)? (exp) (P) 暑い (atsu-i) = (1) hot; warm; sultry; heated (adj-i) (あつい) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) 電話 (den-wa) = (2) telephone (device); phone (n, adj-no) (abbr) (P) (でんわ) ちょっと (cho-tto) = (1) a little; a bit; slightly (rK) (adv) (uk) 窓 (mado) = window (n) (P) (まど) 彼女 (kano-jo) = she; her (pn) (P) ご主人 (go-shu-jin) = her husband; your husband (n) (hon) (P) 学校 (ga-kkou) = school (n) (P) (がっこう) 駅 (eki) = train station; railway station (n) (えき) 病院 (byou-in) = hospital; clinic; doctor's office; (...) (n) (P) (びょういん) 行き方 (i-ki-kata) = (1) way (of going); route; (n) コーヒー (koo-hii) = coffee (eng: coffee) (ateji) (n, adj-no) (uk) (P) ~ている (te i-ru) = Ongoing action or current state: [5] (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 知っています (shi-tte-i-ma-su) = knowing; (in the process of) knowing (しっています) ~と思う (to omo-u) = To describe your own thoughts or someone else’s thoughts: [8] (verb) + [と思(おも)う or と思(おも)います or と思(おも)わない or と思(おも)いません] noun + だ(da) + (any of the above) (e.g.) 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと)です = He is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)います = I think he is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)いました = I thought he was a kind person い (i) - adjective + (any of the above) な (na) - adjective + だ(da) + (any of the above) 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 開ける (a-ke-ru) = (1) to open (a door, etc.); to unlock; (...) (v1, vt) (あける) 教える (oshi-e-ru) = (1) to teach; to instruct (v1, vt) (おしえる) 貸す (ka-su) = (1) to lend; to loan (v5s, vt) (かす) 思う (omo-u) = (1) to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon (v5u, vt) (おもう) まで (made) = (1) until (a time); till; to; up to (prt) (uk) ませんか (ma-se-n-ka) = (2) won't you/could you (exp) (P) (request) + ませんか? (ma-se-n-ka) = (2) won't you (resquest)? /could you (request)? (exp) (P) 暑い (atsu-i) = (1) hot; warm; sultry; heated (adj-i) (あつい) 欲しい (ho-shi-i) = (1) wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for (adj-i) (ほしい) 電話 (den-wa) = (2) telephone (device); phone (n, adj-no) (abbr) (P) (でんわ) ちょっと (cho-tto) = (1) a little; a bit; slightly (rK) (adv) (uk) 窓 (mado) = window (n) (P) (まど) 彼女 (kano-jo) = she; her (pn) (P) ご主人 (go-shu-jin) = her husband; your husband (n) (hon) (P) 学校 (ga-kkou) = school (n) (P) (がっこう) 駅 (eki) = train station; railway station (n) (えき) 病院 (byou-in) = hospital; clinic; doctor's office; (...) (n) (P) (びょういん) 行き方 (i-ki-kata) = (1) way (of going); route; (n) コーヒー (koo-hii) = coffee (eng: coffee) (ateji) (n, adj-no) (uk) (P) ~ている (te i-ru) = Ongoing action or current state: [5] (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 知っています (shi-tte-i-ma-su) = knowing; (in the process of) knowing (しっています) (verb in -て(te) form) + いる/います: 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 知っています (shi-tte-i-ma-su) = knowing; (in the process of) knowing (しっています) 知る (shi-ru) = (1) to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); (...) (v5r, vt) (しる) 知っています (shi-tte-i-ma-su) = knowing; (in the process of) knowing (しっています) ~と思う (to omo-u) = To describe your own thoughts or someone else’s thoughts: [8] (verb) + [と思(おも)う or と思(おも)います or と思(おも)わない or と思(おも)いません] noun + だ(da) + (any of the above) (e.g.) 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと)です = He is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)います = I think he is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)いました = I thought he was a kind person い (i) - adjective + (any of the above) な (na) - adjective + だ(da) + (any of the above) noun + だ(da) + (any of the above) (e.g.) 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと)です = He is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)います = I think he is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)いました = I thought he was a kind person (e.g.) 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと)です = He is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)います = I think he is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)いました = I thought he was a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)います = I think he is a kind person 彼(かれ)は優(やさ)しい人(ひと) + だ + と思(おも)いました = I thought he was a kind person Lesson 7[] 君 (ki-mi) = you (きみ) 僕 (bo-ku) = me それで (so-re-de) = so だから (da-ka-ra) = that's why 君のおかげで (ki-mi-no-o-ka-ge-de) = because of you / thanks to you === Skill 46 - Nature_2 === Lesson 1[] 太陽 (tai-you) = the sun () 月 (tsu-ki) = moon 星 (ho-shi) = star きらきらして = sparkling/glistening 光る (hi-ka-ru) = to shine; to glitter; to be bright (v5r, vi) (ひかる) キラキラ光っている (ki-ra-ki-ra hi-ka-te-i-ru) = sparkling/glistening Previously learned: 空 (so-ra) = sky 空 (so-ra) = sky Lesson 2[] 田舎 (i-na-ka) = countryside 空気 (kū-ki) = air 浜辺 (ha-ma-be) = beach 湖 (mi-zū-mi) = lake 行くつもりです (i-ku-tsu-mo-ri-de-su) = plan to go 海洋 (kai-yō) = ocean Previously learned: 町 (ma-chi) = town 町 (ma-chi) = town Lesson 3[] 島 (shi-ma) = island (しま) 枝 (e-da) = branch/branches (えだ) 森 (mo-ri) = forest (もり) 折る (o-ru) = (1) to break; to fracture; (+) (v5r, vt) (おる) 折り (o-ri) = broke (おり) 動物の森 (dō-bu-tsu-no-mo-ri) = Animal Crossing (a video game) (‘Animals Forest’) Lesson 4[] 景色 (ke-shi-ki) = view/scenery (けしき) 濡れ (nu-re) = wet (ぬれ) 濡れる (nu-re-ru) = to get wet (v1, vi) (P) (ぬれる) 草 (ku-sa) = grass (くさ) 木 (ki) = tree (き) 葉 (ha) = leaf (は) 木の葉 (ko-no-ha) = tree leaf/leaves (このは) 石 (i-shi) = stone (いし) Lesson 5[] 乾く (kawa-ku) = to get dry (v5k, vi) (P) (かわく) 乾いている (ka-wai-te i-ru) = it is dry 乾き (ka-wa-ki) = dry 林 (ha-ya-shi) = the woods 浅い (a-sai) = shallow 泳ぐには浅すぎます (o-yo-gu ni-wa a-sa-su-gi-ma-su) = too shallow to swim in 深い (fu-kai) = deep / profound あまり深くなかった (a-ma-ri fu-ku-na-kat-ta) = was not very deep 意味がある (i-mi-ga-a-ru) = to have meaning; to be meaningful (exp, v5r-i) (いみがある) 深い意味があります (fu-kai i-mi ga a-ri-ma-su) = has profound meaning Lesson 6[] 火 (hi) = fire 富士山 (fu-ji-san) = Mount Fuji 波 (na-mi) = wave/waves (なみ) 暖かくしました (at-ta-ka-ku-shi-ma-shi-ta) = made warm / warmed up 貸していただけませんか (ka-shi-te-i-ta-da-ke-ma-sen-ka) = Can you lend me 進みます (su-su-mi-ma-su) = moves ことがない (ko-to-ga-na-i) = (1) to have never done (something); (something) has never occurred; (+) (exp, adj-i) (uk) 光 (hi-ka-ri) = light 光は音より速くわる進みます (hi-ka-ri-wa o-to-yo-ri ha-ya-ku-su-su-mi-ma-su) = Light travels faster than sound ("Luminance, regarding it, sound, than it / compared to it, goes fast.") タバコに火をつけます (ta-ba-ko-ni hi-o-tsu-ke-ma-su) = light a cigarette Lesson 7[] 揺れる (yu-re-ru) = to sway; to shake; to waver (v1, vi) (P) (ゆれる) 揺れ (yu-re) = swaying / fluttering (ゆれ) 釣る (tsu-ru) = (1) to fish; to angle; to catch (v5r, vt) (つる) 釣り (tsu-ri) = catch (つり) 見つける (mi-tsu-ke-ru) = (1) to find (e.g. an error in a book); to discover; (+) (v1, vt) (みつける) つった (tsu-tta) = caught 生き物 (i-ki-mo-no) = living thing(s); living creature(s); animal; life (n) (P) (いきもの) 頭のいい (a-ta-ma-no-i-i) = smart; bright; intelligent (exp, adj-ix) (あたまのいい) === Skill 47 - Nature === Lesson 1[] 木 = tree (き) 山 = mountain に登っ = climb up 雨が降って = raining 雪は降って = snowing まだ = still [for positive phrases]; still not / not yet [for negative phrases] Lesson 2[] 池 = pond (いけ) 海 = sea (うみ) 川 = river Lesson 3[] 鳴き = (なき) 瓶 = (びん) 花瓶 = flower vase 鳴きませんでした = do not chirp 声 = sing (animal) にぎやか = lively Lesson 4[] 一匹 = one counter for small animals (いっぴき) 飛んで = flying 空 = sky 動物 = animals 鳴いて = barking Lesson 5[] 傘 = umbrella (かさ) 差します = will put up さきました = bloomed 静か = quiet Lesson 6[] 鹿 = deer (しか) クマ = bear 牛 = cow 動物園 = zoo 上野 = Ueno (a zoo in Tokyo) 晴れて = clear Lesson 7[] キツネ = fox 馬 = horse 雲 = cloud サル = monkey ハト = pigeon/dove === Skill 48 - Condition === Lesson 1[] 様子 (yō-su) = situation / condition / how it goes おかしい (o-ka-shi-i) = odd おかしな所 (o-ka-shi-na-to-ko-ro) = something fishy / strange place 形 (ka-ta-chi) = shape (かたち) ようだ = (it) appears to be 頭がおかしく (a-ta-ma ga o-ka-shi-ku) = insane Lesson 2[] 壊れる (ko-wa-re-ru) = (v1,vi) to be broken; to break (こわれる) 壊れた (ko-wa-re-ta) = it broke 素晴らしい (su-ba-ra-shi-i) = great/excellent (すばらしい) 素晴らしく (su-ba-ra-shi-ku) = stunningly / wonderfully 格好 (ka-kkō) = suitable / form (かっこう) 背格好 (se-i-ka-kkō) = height 年格好 (to-shi-ka-kkō) = apparent age (of someone) みたい (mi-ta-i) = looks Lesson 3[] 忙しそう (i-so-ga-shi-sō) = look/seem busy 壊れそう (ko-wa-re-sō) = seems broken 易しそう (ya-sa-shi-sō) = seems/looks easy 変な (he-nna) = strange 普通 (fu-tsū) = normal / ordinary / typical / not special (ふつう) スマホ = smartphone Lesson 4[] 美しい (u-tsu-ku-shi) = beautiful (うつくしい) 厳しい (ki-bi-shii) = strict (きびしい) 子供っぽい (ko-do-mo-ppoi) = childish 水っぽく (mi-zu-ppo-ku) = watery 本当らしく聞こえる (hon-tō-ra-shi-ku ki-ko-e-ru) = sounds true なかなか (na-ka-na-ka) = quite Lesson 5[] 甘み (a-ma-mi) = sweetness 大きな (ō-ki-na) = great / a lot / big 少ない (su-ku-nai) = few / little 痛み (i-ta-mi) = pain 悲しみ (ka-na-shi-mi) = sadness / sorrow 感じる (kan-ji-ru) = (v1,vt,vi) to feel; to sense; to experience (かんじる) 背中に (se-na-ka ni) = in / on your back どんな感じ (don'na kan-ji) = what is it like ひどい (hi-do-i) = terrible / dreadful これほど (ko-re-ho-do) = such as this らしい (ra-shi-i) = apparently / It seems Lesson 6[] 最近 (sai-kin) = recently 最新 (sai-shin) = latest うまみ (u-ma-mi) = savouriness 最悪 (sai-a-ku) = worst 最も (mot-to-mo) = best / most 最高 (sai-kō) = the best / greatest / the highest 最後 (sai-go) = last Previously seen: 最初 (sai-sho) = first 最初 (sai-sho) = first === Skill 49 - Cooking_3 === Lesson 1[] [off-lesson] くし (ku-shi) = comb チーズ (chī-zu) = cheese [Notes on チーズ and ancient related words here[1]] チーズを二切れください。= (slices of cheese) ... . チーズを薄く切ります。(chī-zu-wo-u-su-ku-ki-ri-ma-su) = Cut the cheese thinly. [-ます is used for command in Cookbooks / Manuals[2]] はい、チーズ！(hai-chī-zu) = Say cheese! フライパン (fu-rai-pan) = frying pan 蒸気 (jō-ki) = vapour (also, ‘steam’)(‘steam’ is the vapour formed at the boiling temperature; ‘vapour’ occurs at any temp.; ‘steam’ is a type of ‘vapour’.) ごま (go-ma) = sesame 熱する (ne-ssu-ru) = to heat 水は熱すると蒸気になる。(mi-zu-wa-ne-ssu-ru-to-jō-ki-ni-na-ru) = Water turns into steam when you heat it. (‘..turns steam with heating.’) ...を熱します (...-wo-ne-sshi-ma-su) = I heat ... . / Heat ... . ...を溶かします (...-wo-to-ka-shi-ma-su) = I melt ... . / I dissolve ... . バターを溶かします。(ba-tā-wo-to-ka-shi-ma-su) = Melt the butter. 砂糖を水に溶かします。(sa-tō-wo-mi-zu-ni-to-ka-shi-ma-su) = Dissolve the sugar in water. ('Dissolve the sugar water-wise.') ...を溶かしてください (...-wo-to-ka-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please melt ... . [From Lesson 2] フライパンにごま油を熱してバターを溶かします。(fu-rai-pan-ni-go-ma-a-bu-ra-wo-ne-shi-te-ba-tā-wo-to-ka-shi-ma-su) = Heat the sesame oil in a frying pan and melt the butter. Lesson 2[] 缶 (kan) = can 🥫 (canned food, a can of beer...) 容器 (yō-ki) = container ...を冷やしてください (...-wo-hi-ya-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please chill ... . 冷蔵庫でビールを冷やしてください。(rei-zō-ko-de-bī-ru-wo-hi-ya-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please chill the beer in the refrigerator. カボチャ (ka-bo-cha) = pumpkin べたべた (be-ta-be-ta) = sticky 汗でべたべたです。(a-se-de-be-ta-be-ta-de-su) = I am sticky with sweat. 彼の尻は汗でべたべたしていた。(ka-re-no-shi-ri-wa-a-se-de-be-ta-be-ta-shi-te-i-ta) = His butt was sticky with sweat. チョコレート (cho-ko-rē-to) = chocolate 暗いチョコレート (ku-rai-cho-ko-rē-to) = dark chocolate 私はチョコレートケーキと紅茶にします。(wa-ta-shi-wa-cho-ko-rē-to-kē-ki-to-kō-cha-ni-shi-ma-su) = I will have chocolate cake and black tea. (‘I will do at chocolate cake and black tea.’) Lesson 3[] ジャム (ja-mu) = jam はちみつ (ha-chi-mi-tsu) = honey 酢 (su) = vinegar 酢と醤油を混ぜる。(su-to-shō-yu-wo-ma-ze-ru) = Mix the vinegar and the soy sauce. 古い酢を流しに注いだ。(fu-rui-su-wo-na-ga-shi-ni-so-soi-da) = I poured the old vinegar into the sink. (‘..poured at the sink.’) ..を塗ります (...-wo-nu-ri-ma-su) = I spread ... . はちみつをパンに塗った。(ha-chi-mi-tsu-wo-pan-ni-nu-tta) = I spread the honey on the bread. (‘..spread at the bread.’) パンにバターを塗りなさい。(pan-ni-ba-tā-wo-nu-ri-na-sai) = Spread the butter on the bread. イチゴ / いちご (i-chi-go) = strawberry Lesson 4[] ...の皮をむきなさい (...-no-ka-wa-wo-mu-ki-na-sai) = Peel ... . (‘Peel ...'s skin.’) 私はリンゴの皮をむくのが下手だ。(wa-ta-shi-wa-rin-go-no-ka-wa-wo-mu-ku-no-ga-he-ta-da) = I am bad at peeling apples. (‘Regarding me, I am bad concerning the act of peeling apples' skin.’) 普通皮をむかないでリンゴを食べる。(fu-tsū-ka-wa-wo-mu-ka-nai-de-rin-go-wo-ta-be-ru) = I usually eat apples without peeling them. (Approx. ~ ‘Normally, I eat apples in the way of not peeling the skin.’ Also, ‘usually, I don't peel the skin and [then] eat the apple.[3]’) ...を漬けた (...-wo-tsu-ke-ta) = I pickled ... . キュウリを酢に漬けた。(kyū-ri-wo-su-ni-tsu-ke-ta) = I pickled the cucumbers in vinegar. (‘..pickled at vinegar.’) それを漬けることができるよ。(so-re-wo-tsu-ke-ru-ko-to-ga-de-ki-ru-yo) = We can pickle that. (‘Regarding the thing of pickling that, we can do it, yo!’) 漬け物 (tsu-ke-mo-no) = pickle (‘pickled things’) [also 漬物; and it is also an English word, “tsukemono”[5]] 米と漬け物で育った。(ko-me-to-tsu-ke-mo-no-de-so-da-tta) = I grew up on rice and pickles. (‘Rice and pickles, in that manner, I was raised.’) こしょう (ko-shō) = pepper こしょうの味がする。(ko-shō-no-a-ji-ga-su-ru) = It tastes of pepper. (‘It does pepper's taste.’) ねばねば / ネバネバ (ne-ba-ne-ba) = gooey / slimy 口の中がねばねばする。(ku-chi-no-na-ka-ga-ne-ba-ne-ba-su-ru) = The inside of my mouth feels slimy. 納豆のようなねばねばする食べ物は嫌いだ。(na-ttō-no-you-na-ne-ba-ne-ba-su-ru-ta-be-mo-no-wa-ki-rai-da) = I dislike gooey food like natto. 納豆はねばねばしている。(na-ttō-wa-ne-ba-ne-ba-shi-te-i-ru) = Natto is gooey. (‘Natto is feeling slimy.’) Lesson 5[] ...ずつ (...-zu-tsu) = ... by ... 少しずつ (su-ko-shi-zu-tsu) = little by little 少しずつよくなっています。(su-ko-shi-zu-tsu-yo-ku-na-tte-i-ma-su) = It's getting better little by little. (‘Little by little it's becoming good.’) 桃 (mo-mo) = peach 彼は桃を一つずつ取り出した。(ka-re-wa-mo-mo-wo-hi-to-tsu-zu-tsu-to-ri-da-shi-ta) = He took out the peaches one at a time. / He took out the peaches one by one. (‘He took out one peach by one peach.’) 彼らに二個ずつ桃をやった。(ka-re-ra-ni-ni-ko-zu-tsu-mo-mo-wo-ya-tta) = I gave them two peaches each. (彼らに桃を二個ずつやった。‘At them, I gave two peaches by two peaches.’) AにBを詰めた (A-ni-B-wo-tsu-me-ta) = I packed A with B. 彼女は箱に桃を詰めた。(ka-no-jo-wa-ha-ko-ni-mo-mo-wo-tsu-me-ta) = She packed peaches into the box. (‘She packed at the box with peaches.’ / ‘She packed into the box, peaches, the object of the sentence.’) 何とあったぞ、缶詰パンだ。(nan-to-a-tta-zo, kan-zu-me-pan-da) = Wow, they have it! It's canned bread! ...を取り出した (...-wo-to-ri-da-shi-ta) = I took out ... . 買い物袋から食料品を取り出した。(kai-mo-no-bu-ku-ro-ka-ra-sho-ku-ryō-hin-wo-to-ri-da-shi-ta) = I took out the groceries from the shopping bag. トウモロコシ (tō-mo-ro-ko-shi) = corn [トウモロコシ is specifically corn-on-the-cob or how it is on the stalk[6].] ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38619589?&comment_id=45161348 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/39918863?&comment_id=39932363 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44960693?&comment_id=52374163 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44960693?&comment_id=53922708 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/42673727?&comment_id=42673728 === Skill 50 - Science_1 === Lesson 1[] 固い (ka-tai) = hard/stiff (かたい) 頭が固すぎ = too stubborn (adj.)すぎます ((adj.)-su-gi-ma-su) = it is too (adj.) 科学 (ka-ga-ku) = SCIENCE 柔らかく(ya-wa-ra-ka-ku) = tenderly, softly 柔らかすぎる (ya-wa-ra-ka su-gi-ru) = is too soft お調べします (o-shi-ra-be-shi-ma-su) = I will check (おしらべします) 調べて (shi-ra-be-te) = check it 変わった (ka-wat-ta) = it changed/transformed; [when used as an adjective] weird 変えた (ka-e-ta) = I changed it 変えてもらった (ka-e-te-mo-rat-ta) = I had it changed Lesson 2[] 研究 (ken-kyū) = research/study 比べて (ku-ra-be-te) = compared X は Y に比べて(adj.)です (X wa Y ni ku-ra-be-te (adj.) de-su) = X is (は) (adj.) compared to (に) Y 大きさ (ō-ki-sa) = size 変え (ka-e) = change 予約 (yo-ya-ku) = appointment 初心者 (sho-shin-sha) = novice Lesson 3[] 測ります (ha-ka-ri-ma-su) = I take a measurement (はかり) 測ってみてください (ha-kat-te-mi-te-ku-da-sai) = please try to measure 深さ (fu-ka-sa) = depth 幅 (ha-ba) = width (はば) 長さ (na-ga-sa) = length 高さ (ta-ka-sa) = height Lesson 4[] 重さ (o-mo-sa) = weight 寒さ (sa-mu-sa) = the cold 量ります (ha-ka-ri-ma-su) = measure weight and volume 秤 (ha-ka-ri) = scale/scales (はかり) 科学者 (ka-ga-ku-sha) = scientist 寒さ (sa-mu-sa) = the cold; coldness 置いてください (o-i-te-ku-da-sai) = please put it 多くの動物 (ō-ku-no-dō-bu-tsu) = a large proportion of animals 感じませんか (kan-ji-ma-sen-ka) = don't you feel Lesson 5[] 専攻 (sen-kō) = (school) major 専攻している (sen-kō-shi-te-i-ru) = is majoring in 化学 (ka-ga-ku) = CHEMISTRY 地質学 (chi-shi-tsu-ga-ku) = GEOLOGY 生物学 (sei-bu-tsu-ga-ku) = BIOLOGY 用意 (yōi) = preparation 用意ができた (yō-i-ga-de-ki-ta) = preparation is done / is ready 用意ができていません (yō-i-ga-de-ki-te-i-ma-sen) = not ready 教えてくれた (o-shi-e-te-ku-re-ta) = taught me / told me 教えてくれた先生 (o-shi-e-te-ku-re-ta-sen-sei) = The teacher who taught me Lesson 6[] 生じました (shō-ji-ma-shi-ta) = has occurred; has taken place どのくらいの変化が生じましたか？　How much change has taken place 生じた (shō-ji-ta) = has arisen / occured 反応 (han-nō) = response / reaction ほとんど (ho-ton-do) = hardly 物理学 (bu-tsu-ri-ga-ku) = PHYSICS 物理学者 (bu-tsu-ri-ga-ku-sha) = physicist 実験 (jik-ken) = experiment 実験をした (jik-ken-wo-shi-ta) = conducted an experiment 変化 (hen-ka) = change(s) あまり変化がなかった (a-ma-ri-hen-ka-ga-na-ka-tta) = There have not been many changes === Skill 51 - Transit_2 === Lesson 1[] オートバイ (oo-to-ba-i) = motorcycle 新幹線 (shin-kan-sen) = Shinkansen/bullet train 一時間に三百キロ進みます (i-chi-ji-kan ni san-bya-ku-ki-ro su-su-mi-ma-su) = goes 300 kilometers an hour 側 (ga-wa) = side ホーム (hō-mu) = platform 切符売り場 (kip-pu-u-ri-ba) = ticket booth 売ります (u-ri-ma-su) = sell Lesson 2[] 急行 (kyū-kō) = express train 出発 (shup-pa-tsu) = departure 到着 (tō-cha-ku) = arrival 線 (sen) = track/line 終点 (shū-ten) = the last/final stop ゆき (yu-ki) = bound for 用意 (yō-i) = preparation Lesson 3[] 空港 (kū-kō) = airport 途中に (to-chuu-ni) = on the way/ en route (とちゅう) 行き掛け (i-ki-ga-ke) = on the way に行く途中 (ni-i-ku to-chū) = on the way to 試合の途中で (shi-ai-no to-chū-de) = In the middle of the match 試合 (shi-ai) = match 車両 (sha-ryō) = vehicle (train car) 席 (se-ki) = seats 拾う (hiro-u) = (v5u,vt) to pick up; to find; to gather; (ひろう) 拾った (hi-rot-ta) = picked up に拾ってあげる (hi-rot-te a-ge-ru) = I'll pick (it) up 乗り換えます (no-ri-ka-e-masu) = transfer 降り出す (fu-ri-da-su) = (v5s,vi) to begin to rain; to begin to snow (ふりだす) 降り出した (fu-ri-da-shi-ta) = got down どこか教えていただけませんか (do-ko-ka o-shi-e-te-i-ta-da-ke-ma-sen ka) = would you mind teaching/telling me where あそこの交差点まで行った方がいい (a-so-ko-no-kō-sa-ten-ma-de it-ta-hō-ga-ii) = you should go to the intersection over there Lesson 4[] 女性 (jo-sei) = women お年寄り (o-to-shi-yo-ri) = the elderly; old people 専用 (sen-yō) = designated; reserved 女性専用車両 (jo-sei-sen-you-sha-ryou) = women-only carriage (e.g. on a train) (じょせいせんようしゃりょう) あなたの最も好きな色 (a-na-ta-no-mo-tto-mo-su-ki-na-shoku) = your favorite color Lesson 5[] 男性 (dan-sei) = men 駐車 (chū-sha) = parking (noun) (ちゅうしゃ) 駐車場 (chū-sha-jō) = car park/parking lot 乗り換える (no-ri-ka-e-ru) = (v1,vt) (1) to transfer (trains); to change (bus, train); (のりかえる) に乗り換えた (ni-no-ri-ka-e-ta) = transferred to 背の高い (se-no-taka-i) = tall (of a person) (せのたかい) 門のそばに (mon-no-so-ba-ni) = by the gate 別の (be-tsu no) = another できるだけ (de-ki-ru-da-ke) = as much as one can; as much as possible; if at all possible; (出来るだけ) できるだけ ... (de-ki-ru-da-ke-...) = as ... as possible 空いてる (ai-te-ru) = available 手が空く (te-ga-a-ku) = (exp,v5k) (id) to be free; to be available (てがあく) 手が空いたら (te-ga-ai-ta-ra) = when your hands are free 手伝う (te-tsuda-u) = (v5u,vt) (1) to help; to assist; to aid; (てつだう) 手伝ってくれませんか (te-tsu-dat-te ku-re-ma-sen-ka) = Will you help me / would you mind helping me Lesson 6[] エンジン (en-jin) = engine 裏 (u-ra) = rear; back; behind; (うら) 信号 (shin-gō) = traffic light 進んだ (su-sun-da) = advanced の裏に (no u-ra ni) = behind/the back of 封筒 (fū-tō) = envelope 無料です (mu-ryō-de-su) = free 角 (tsu-no) = corner} 右に曲がる (migi-ni-ma-ga-ru) = (exp,v5r) to turn right; to turn to the right (みぎにまがる) 左に曲がる (hidari-ni-ma-ga-ru) = (exp,v5r) to turn left; to turn to the left (ひだりにまがる) 壊れた (ko-wa-re-ta) = broke Lesson 7[] 空港 (kū-kō) = airport 船 (fu-ne) = ship 港 (mi-na-to) = port/ports/harbour/harbours 乗り物 (no-ri-mo-no) = vehicle 歩道で (ho-dō-de) = on the sidewalk 運んでください (ha-kon-de-ku-da-sai) = please carry 運ぶ (ha-ko-bu) = to carry 運んでくれた (ha-kon-de-ku-re-ta) = carried for me 乗客 (jō-kya-ku) = passenger/passengers 要ります (i-ri-ma-su) = I need 重すぎた (o-mo-su-gi-ta) = was too heavy 私にとって (wa-ta-shi-ni-tot-te) = for me, as for me, to me かばんは一人で運べます (ka-ban-wa-hi-to-ri-de-ha-ko-be-ma-su) = I can carry the bag by myself ちょっと重いけど (cho-tto-o-mo-i-ke-do) = It's a bit heavy === Skill 52 - Work_1 === Lesson 1[] 会議 (kaigi) = meeting/conference (かいぎ) 給料 (kyuuryou) = salaries (きゅうりょう) 低すぎる (hikusugiru) = too low すぎる (sugiru) = too much 名刺 (meishi) = business card 働いている (ha-ta-rai-te-i-ru) = is working / works 働かない (ha-ta-ra-ka-ni) = does not work 仕事 (shi-go-to) = job 用意 (yōi) = preparation 何を用意すればいいですか (nani o yōisure baiidesuka) = what should I prepare Lesson 2[] 上司 (jōshi) = boss 社長 (shachō) = company president / executive director 成功しました (seikō shimashita) = succeeded 複雑 (fukuzatsu) = complicated 決め (kime) = decision 決めた (kimeta) = decided [ピカチュウ、君に決めた！= Pikachu, I choose you! (“Pikachu, I decided at you!”) Ϟ(๑⚈ ․̫ ⚈๑)∩] 最近では (saikin de wa) = these days / recently 話しやすいです (hanashi yasui desu) = easy to talk with Lesson 3[] 書類 (shorui) = documents (しょるい) ファイル (fairu) = files はんこ (han-ko) = personal seal 通訳 (tsuu-ya-ku) = interpreter [the job of interpreting languages] (つうやく) 下げた (sa-ge-ta) = lowered; bow 下げて (sa-ge-te) = lower 上げて (a-ge-te) = raise 手を上げる (te-wo-a-ge-ru) = (exp,v1) (1) to raise one's hand; (exp,v1) (2) (id) to surrender; (+) (てをあげる) 顔を上げる (kao-wo-a-ge-ru) = (exp,v1) to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes (かおをあげる) 頭を下げる (atama-wo-sa-ge-ru) = (exp,v1) (1) to bow; to bow one's head; (exp,v1) (2) to apologize; to apologise; (+) (あたまをさげる) 顔を上げられなかった (kao o agerarenakatta) = I couldn't raise my face Lesson 4[] 事務所 (jimusho) = office 残業 (zangyō) = work overtime 今夜 (kon'ya) = tonight 続け (tsuzuke) = continue 続けます (tsuzukemasu) = continue; stay 続けられなかった (tsuzukerarenakatta) = could not continue 咲き (saki) = bloom 咲き続けます (sakitsuzukemasu) = keeps blooming 上がり続けます(agaritsuzukemasu) = keeps rising 踊り(odori) = dance 値段 (nedan) = price 下がった (sagatta) = has fallen; has lowered 上がりました (agarimashita) = went up; has gone up 実験 (jikken) = experiment 後ろに下がってください (ushiro ni sagatte kudasai) = please go back Lesson 5[] 工場 (kōjō) = factory (こうじょう) お金持ち (okanemochi) = rich/wealthy (adj.) 貧し (mazushi) = poor 売って (utte) = sell 勤める (tsutomeru) = (lit.: serve) to work の上に (no ue ni) = aside from; in addition to アルバイト (arubaito) = part-time job [1] Lesson 6[] 無理 (mu-ri) = impossible/unreasonable 相談 (sōdan) = consultation 相談したらどうですか (sōdanshi taradōdesuka) = why don't you consult with... ファックス (fakkusu) = fax メール (meeru) = email 送ってくれませんか (okuttekuremasenka) = would you mind sending 送りました (okurimashita) = sent 送ってあげました (okutte agemashita) = I sent it (as a favor/to someone of higher rank) Lesson 7[] 失礼します (shitsurei shimasu) = (lit.: excuse me) I will be leaving 失礼していいですか？ (shitsurei shite ii desu ka) = May I be excused? / (Is it ok for me to be rude?) 先に (saki ni) = first そろそろ (sorosoro) = soon お疲れ様 (otsukaresama) = (lit: you must be tired) well done; I appreciate your efforts もしもし (mo-shi-mo-shi) = hello (on the telephone) ので = since / because === Skill 53 - Nature_4 === Lesson 1[] 日 = the sun 日の出 = sunrise 日没 = sunset 昇る = to rise 朝日 = the morning sun 差し込む = to shine in その部屋には朝日が差し込んだ = The morning sun shone into that room. 東の空に朝日が昇った = The morning sun rose in the eastern sky. [Japanese often uses 朝日 for the rising sun] 太陽は東から昇る = The sun rises in the east. 今日の東京の日没は午後六時です = The sunset in Tokyo today will be at six P.M. Lesson 2[] 夕日 = the evening sun 夕日が沈んでいく = The evening sun is setting. [Japanese often uses 夕日 for setting sun] 沈む夕日 = setting sun [poetic] 眺める = to watch 夕焼け = sunset 西の空がきれいに夕焼けしている = The western sky is glowing beautifully. [The western sky has a beautiful sunset] 輝く = to light up [with happiness] 喜びで彼の頬は輝いた = His cheeks lit up with joy. 彼の目は興奮で輝いていた = His eyes were glittering with excitement. 輝く = to sparkle. 海が日の光で輝いていた = The sea was sparkling in the sunlight. でこぼこ = bumpy その道はでこぼこだった = The road was bumpy. 表面 = surface　ひょうめん 月の表面はでこぼこしている = The surface of the moon is bumpy. この車ならでこぼこ道でも大丈夫です = This car is okay even on bumpy roads. [If it's this car, even bumpy roads are okay.] 真っ赤 = crimson [bright red] 雲のために私たちは夕焼けを眺めることができなかった = We could not view the sunset due to the clouds. Lesson 3[] コウモリ = bat コウモリを見た！= I saw a bat! * 哺乳類 = mammal [May be first seen in Animals] コウモリは鳥じゃなくて、哺乳類だ. = Bats are not birds, but mammals. * 真っ暗 = pitch-black 外は真っ暗だった = It was pitch-black outside. * その家の中は真っ暗だった。= It was completely dark inside that house. * 洞窟 = cave 洞窟の中は真っ暗だった = It was pitch-black inside the cave. * 洞窟の中は暗くて恐ろしかった. = The inside of the cave was dark and terrifying. * この洞窟はコウモリでいっぱいだ. = This cave is filled with bats. * 真っ青 = ghastly pale 彼の顔は真っ青だった = His face was ghastly pale. * いとこは寒さで真っ青になっていた。= My cousin had turned completely pale from the cold. * 彼女はその知らせを聞いて真っ青になった。= She turned completely pale after hearing the news. * 彼女はあらゆる点で母親に似ています. = She takes after her mother in every respect. Lesson 4[] 真っ白 = pure white 彼女のおばあさんは髪が真っ白だ。= Her grandmother has snow-white hair. * ドレスは真っ白だった。= The dress was pure white. * 岩 = rock 落ちる = to fall [Might have been seen in an earlier lesson.] 大きな岩が道の上に落ちた。= A big rock fell onto the road. * 衝突 = collision　　しょうとつ　 くるまの衝突事故でたすかったのは一人だけだった。＝There was only one person who survived the car crash. 難しい！！ 助かったの 助かったのは奇跡的だ。　きせき ...に衝突した = I collided with ... 岩に衝突した。= I collided with a rock. *　いわ その船は岩に衝突した。= The ship collided with a rock. * 彼女の車が電車に衝突した。= Her car collided with a train. * 安定 = stable しばらくの間、天気は安定するでしょう。= The weather will be stable for some time. * この椅子は安定が悪い。= This chair has poor stability. * 不安定 = unstable. 大気の状態が不安定だ。= Atmospheric conditions are unstable. * 大気 = atmosphere 地球の大気は汚染されてきている。= The earth's atmosphere is getting polluted. * これ以上大気を汚染すべきではない。= We should not pollute the atmosphere any further. * Lesson 5[] 竹 = bamboo　たけ　竹の子　たけのこ 竹は曲げやすい。= Bamboo is easy to bend. * 生長 = growth　せいちょう　＝　成長 竹は生長が早い。= Bamboo grows quickly. * この植物は生長が遅い。= This plant grows slowly. * 貝 = shellfish　かい 貝 = Shellfish * 海岸 = seashore 私たちは海岸を散歩した。= We went for a walk along the seashore. * 彼女は海岸で貝を売ります。= She sells seashells on the seashore. * 海岸線 = coastline 竹は生長しても太くはならない。= Bamboo does not necessarily get thicker even as it grows. * 貝の味噌汁を作った。= I made miso soup with shellfish. * === Skill 54 - Desires_1 === Lesson 1[] 夢 (yu-me) = dream (ゆめ) 幸せ (shi-a-wa-se) = happiness たがっています (ta-ga-tte-i-ma-su) = want to なあ (naa) = I wish 知っていたらなあ (shi-tte-i-ta-ra-naa) = I wish I knew... であれば (de-a-re-ba) = I were であればいいのに (de-a-re-ba-i-i-no-ni) = I wish I were.. 彼女が...だったらいいのになあ (ka-no-jo-ga-...-da-tta-ra-i-i-no-ni-na-a) = I wish she were.. 彼女が...でなかったらいいのになあ (ka-no-jo-ga-...-de-na-ka-tta-ra-i-i-no-ni-na-a) = I wish she weren't 彼が来るといいのになあ (ka-re ga ku-ru-to-ii-no-ni-naa) = I wish that he would come 背が高かったらなあ (se-ga-ta-ka-kat-ta-ra-nā) = I wish I was taller 暇であれば (hi-ma-de-a-re-ba) = If I am free 金持ち (ka-ne-mo-chi) = rich man 彼女にとって (ka-no-jo ni tot-te) = for her すべて (su-be-te) = all / everything 夢のようだった (yu-me no yō-dat-ta) = was like a dream 風のように走ります (ka-ze-no-yō-ni ha-shi-ri-ma-su) = run like the wind Lesson 2[] 興味 (kyō-mi) = interest (きょうみ) 目的 (mo-ku-te-ki) = goal/objective 旅行の目的 (ryo-kō-no-mo-ku-te-ki) = purpose of travel ("travel's goal") しよう (shi-yō) = let's do / I will do / should I do 生きがい (i-ki-gai) = reason for living/purpose in life いつか (i-tsu-ka) = someday Lesson 3[] そう思わない (sō-o-mo-wa-nai) = don't you think so 思った (o-mo-tta) = I thought 書こうと (ka-kō-to) = of writing 書こうと思っています(ka-kō-to o-mot-te-i-ma-su) = thinking about trying to write 行こうか (i-kō-ka) = shall we go 帰ろう (kai-rō) = let's go back 遊ぼう (a-so-bō) = let's hang out/let's play どこか他の所 (do-ko-ka ho-ka-no to-ko-ro) = somewhere else 向いてください (mu-i-te ku-da-sai) = please face Lesson 4[] 眺め (na-ga-me) = view 涙を流す(na-mi-da-o-na-ga-su) = cry 涙を流した (na-mi-da-o-na-ga-shi-ta) = shed tears 涙が出ました (na-mi-da-ga-de-ma-shi-ta) = tears came out / cried 涙を流さなかった (na-mi-da-o-na-ga-sa-na-kat-ta) = did not shed tears 涙が出そうになった (na-mi-da-ga de-sou-ni-na-tta) = I could feel tears welling up みよう(mi-yō) = I will try 電話してみよう (den-wa-shi-te-mi-yō) = try calling 泳いでみよう(o-yo-i-de-mi-yō) = try to swim 楽しんでね (ta-no-shin-de ne) = have fun 楽しみたい (ta-no-shi-mi-tai) = I want to have fun 楽しみました (ta-no-shi-mi-ma-shi-ta) = I enjoyed Lesson 5[] 残念 (zan-nen) = disappointing アイスクリーム (ai-su-ku-rii-mu) = ice cream 興味がある (kyō-mi-gā-a-ru) = interested in ことがありますか? (ko-to-ga-a-ri-ma-su-ka?) = have you ever? とか (to-ka) = things like; something like ように (yō-ni) = so that それほど(adj.-ない) (so-re-ho-do-[adj.]-nai) = not that much (adj.) [The construction requires -ない, a negative adjective.] (not to that degree; not so much as) それほど悪くなかった (so-re-ho-do wa-ru-ku-na-ka-tta) = It was not that bad 聞こえるように (ki-ko-e-ru yō-ni) = so that I can hear 聞いて (ki-i-te) = (when) I heard, Lesson 6[] おもちゃ (o-mo-cha) = toy 趣味 (shu-mi) = hobbies 安心しました (an-shin-shi-ma-shi-ta) = relieved (して)いれば安心です (-i-re-ba-an-shin-de-su) = it's a relief when 集めて (a-tsu-me-te) = collect たことがない (ta-ko-to-ga-nai) = have never ちょっと聞いてもいい (chot-to kii-te-mo-ii) = may I ask you something とか (to-ka) = things like 上の空 (u-wa-no-so-ra) = absent-mindedly (うわのそら) 上の空で聞いた (u-wa-no-so-ra de-kii-ta) = listen absent-mindedly 言うこと (i-u-ko-to) = saying 嫌な (i-ya-na) = nasty / unpleasant === Skill 55 - Ideas_1 === Lesson 1[] 立場 (ta-chi-ba) = position / place もしあなたが私の立場だったらどうしますか？(mo-shi-a-na-ta-ga-wa-ta-shi-no-ta-chi-ba-da-tta-ra-dō-shi-ma-su-ka) = What would you do if you were in my position? あなたの立場を明確にすべきだ。(a-na-ta-no-ta-chi-ba-wo-mei-ka-ku-ni-su-be-ki-da) = You should make your position clear. ("You should explain clearly your position.") 想像 / ご想像 (sō-zō / go-sō-zō) = imagination 想像上 (sō-zō-jō) = imagination ? それは君の想像にすぎない。(so-re-wa-ki-mi-no-sō-zō-ni-su-gi-nai) = That is nothing more than your imagination. 後はご想像にお任せします。(a-to-wa-go-sō-zō-ni-o-ma-ka-se-shi-ma-su) = I leave the rest to your imagination. ("Concerning what is after, I leave the rest to your imagination.") 主義 (shu-gi) = principle 主義のない (shu-gi-no-nai) = unprincipled (“principles' negation”) 彼は主義のない人が嫌いだ。(ka-re-wa-shu-gi-no-nai-hi-to-ga-ki-rai-da) = He does not like unprincipled people. (“He does not like people of the negation of principles.”) 社会主義者 (sha-kai-shu-gi-sha) = socialist (‘adherent of the principles of society’ / ‘adherent of socialism’) 経験 (kei-ken) = experience 明確に (mei-ka-ku-ni) = clearly 違いを明確に説明しなさい。(chi-gai-wo-mei-ka-ku-ni-se-tsu-mei-shi-na-sai) = Explain the difference clearly. ...によろしく伝えてください (...-ni-yo-ro-shi-ku-tsu-ta-e-te-ku-da-sai) = Please convey my regards to ... 心から感謝の気持ちをお伝えしたいと思います。(ko-ko-ro-ka-ra-kan-sha-no-ki-mo-chi-wo-o-tsu-ta-e-shi-tai-to-o-mo-i-ma-su) = I would like to convey my sincere feelings of appreciation. ("I think I want to convey appreciation's feelings from my heart.") この深い悲しみをうまく伝える言葉が見つからない。(ko-no-fu-kai-ka-na-shi-mi-wo-u-ma-ku-tsu-ta-e-ru-ko-to-ba-ga-mi-tsu-ka-ra-nai) = I cannot find the words to properly convey this deep sorrow. Lesson 2[] 実 (ji-tsu / mi) = real / true 彼女たちは実の姉妹ではない。(ka-no-jo-ta-chi-wa-ji-tsu-no-shi-mai-de-wa-nai) = They are not real sisters. 彼は嬉しそうだが、実は悲しいのだ。(ka-re-wa-u-re-shi-sō-da-ga-ji-tsu-wa-ka-na-shī-no-da) = He looks happy, but actually, he is sad. 身一つで (mi-hi-to-tsu-de) = with no possession (lit. "by one body" / "with only my body = with nothing else") 身一つで家を出ました。(mi-hi-to-tsu-de-ie-wo-de-ma-shi-ta) = I left home with nothing. 身の危険を感じたらすぐに警察を呼びなさい。(mi-no-ki-ken-wo-kan-ji-ta-ra-su-gu-ni-kei-sa-tsu-wo-yo-bi-na-sai) = If you feel you are in danger, call the police immediately. (verb)可能性がある ((verb)-ka-nō-sei-ga-a-ru) = there is a change of (verb) 今夜は雨になる可能性がある。(kon-ya-wa-a-me-ni-na-ru-ka-nō-sei-ga-a-ru) = There is a possibility it will rain tonight. ("Tonight there exists a to-become-at-rain possibility.") 民主 (min-shu) = democratic 民主主義 (min-shu-shu-gi) = democracy (‘democratic principles’) 民主化する (min-shi-ka-su-ru) = to democratise 完全 (kan-zen) = perfect / complete 完全に (kan-zen-ni) = completely / totally 今日の会議のことは完全に忘れていた。(kyō-no-kai-gi-no-ko-to-wa-kan-zen-ni-wa-su-re-te-i-ta) = I had completely forgotten about today's meeting. (Cf. Grammar Section for the meaning of 'こと'.) 完全主義者 (kan-zen-shu-gi-sha) = perfectionist (‘adherent of the principles of perfection’ / ‘adherent of perfectionism’) 体制 (tai-sei) = system 反体制 (han-tai-sei) = dissident / anti-establishent / anti-system 反体制の新聞は禁止された。(han-tai-sei-no-shim-bun-wa-kin-shi-sa-re-ta) = The dissident newspaper was banned. 経済体制を民主化する必要がある。(kei-zai-tai-sei-wo-min-shu-ka-su-ru-hi-tsu-you-ga-a-ru) = We need to democratize the economic system. Lesson 3[] 論文 (rom-bun) = thesis テーマ (tē-ma) = subject / topic ("theme") 本のテーマは何ですか？(hon-no-tē-ma-wa-nan-de-su-ka) = What is the subject of the book? 博士 (ha-ka-se) = PhD holder (also, "professor") 博士号 (ha-ka-se-gō) = doctorate / PhD degree 知識 (chi-shi-ki) = knowledge [pronounced, “chish-ki”] 知識は一種の力だ。(chi-shi-ki-wa-i-sshu-no-chi-ka-ra-da) = Knowledge is a kind of power. ...を書いた (...-wo-kai-ta) = I wrote ... ...に関して (...-ni-kan-shi-te) = ..., about it この問題に関して質問があります。(ko-no-mon-dai-ni-kan-shi-te-shi-tsu-mon-ga-a-ri-ma-su) = I have a question about this matter. ("This issue, about it, a question exists.") 彼は動物に関する本を書いた。(ka-re-wa-dō-bu-tsu-ni-kan-su-ru-hon-wo-kai-ta) = He wrote a book about animals. ("Animals, book about them, he wrote.") Lesson 4[] 権利 (ken-ri) = right / rights 権利は責任を伴う。(ken-ri-wa-se-ki-nin-wo-to-mo-na-u) = Rights come with responsibilities. 君には私を批判する権利がない。(ki-mi-ni-wa-wa-ta-shi-wo-hi-han-su-ru-ken-ri-ga-nai) = You have no right to criticize me. ...を失った (...-wo-u-shi-na-tta) = I lost ... その男性は三人の息子のうち二人を戦争で失った。(so-no-dan-sei-wa-san-nin-no-mu-su-ko-no-u-chi-fu-ta-ri-wo-sen-sō-de-u-shi-na-tta) = That man lost two of his three sons in the war. (Possible literal translation: "That virile (that man), 3 sons of which, 2 sons is what he lost in the war.") 哲学 (te-tsu-ga-ku) = philosophy 哲学者 (te-tsu-ga-ku-sha) = philosopher ...を支持します (...-wo-shi-ji-shi-ma-su) = We support ... ...を期待している (...-wo-ki-tai-shi-te-i-ru) = We are expecting ... 両親は私が試験に合格することを期待している。(ryō-shin-wa-wa-ta-shi-ga-shi-ken-ni-gō-ka-ku-su-ru-ko-to-wo-ki-tai-shi-te-i-ru) = My parents are expecting me to pass the exam. ("As for my parents, me, the act of passing at an exam, they are expecting.") 人生に何を期待するの？(jin-sei-ni-na-ni-wo-ki-tai-su-ru-no) = What do you expect out of life? 君の提案をいつも支持するとは期待しないで。(ki-mi-no-tei-an-wo-i-tsu-mo-shi-ji-su-ru-to-wa-ki-tai-shi-nai-de) = Do not expect me to always support your proposals. 誰も彼の考えを支持しなかった。(da-re-mo-ka-re-no-kan-ga-e-wo-shi-ji-shi-na-ka-tta) = Nobody supported his ideas. ("Nobody didn't support his ideas.") ...に反する (...-ni-han-su-ru) = it makes opposition to ... その考えは私の主義に反する。(so-no-kan-ga-e-wa-wa-ta-shi-no-shu-gi-ni-han-su-ru) = That idea is against my principles. A に反して B (A -ni-han-shi-te- B) = In contrast to A, B 天気予報に反して雨が降り続いている。(ten-ki-yo-hō-ni-han-shi-te-a-me-ga-fu-ri-tsu-zui-te-i-ru) = In contrast to the weather forecast it is continuing to rain. Lesson 5[] 状況 (jō-kyō) = the situation 判断 (han-dan) = judgment / decision 現在 (gen-zai) = current / status quo (also, currently) 彼女は現在名古屋に住んでいる。(ka-no-jo-wa-gen-zai-na-go-ya-ni-sun-de-i-ru) = She currently lives in Nagoya. 私の現在の住所 (wa-ta-shi-no-gen-zai-no-jū-sho) = my current address 意識 (i-shi-ki) = consciousness 私の事故の後も意識がはっきりしていた。　i was fully consicious even after the accident. 無意識に (mu-i-shi-ki-ni) = unconsciously 祖父は意識を回復した。(so-fu-wa-i-shi-ki-wo-kai-fu-ku-shi-ta) = My grandfather regained consciousness. ("...recovered consciousness.") 彼は無意識にポケットのタバコを探してしまった。(ka-re-wa-mui-shi-ki-ni-po-ke-tto-no-ta-ba-ko-wo-sa-ga-shi-te-shi-ma-tta) = He ended up unconsciously reaching for a cigarette in his pocket. 自分のしたことに罪の意識を感じている。(ji-bun-no-shi-ta-ko-to-ni-tsu-mi-no-i-shi-ki-wo-kan-ji-te-i-ru) = I feel a sense of guilt for what I did. 正確 (sei-ka-ku) = accurate / correct その単語を正確に発音できない。(so-no-tan-go-wo-sei-ka-ku-ni-ha-tsu-on-de-ki-nai) = I cannot pronounce that word correctly. Lesson 6[] 平等 (byō-dō) = equal すべての動物は平等である。(su-be-te-no-dō-bu-tsu-wa-byō-dō-de-a-ru) = All animals are equal. [Off Syllabus: ただし一部の動物は他のより平等である。(ta-da-shi-i-chi-bu-no-dō-bu-tsu-wa-ho-ka-no-yo-ri-byō-dō-de-a-ru) = However, some animals are more equal than others.] 法の下に人間はすべて平等な権利がある。(hō-no-shi-ta-ni-nin-gen-wa-su-be-te-byō-dō-na-ken-ri-ga-a-ru) = All human beings have equal rights under the law. 考え方 (kan-ga-e-ka-ta) = way of thinking 考え方を示したかった。(kan-ga-e-ka-ta-wo-shi-me-shi-ta-ka-tta) = I wanted to share my way of thinking. 賛成できません。(san-sei-de-ki-ma-sen) = I do not agree. ("I cannot agree") [For a stronger version, use 『賛成しない。』] 事実 (ji-ji-tsu) = facts だいぶ (dai-bu) = much / a lot その患者はだいぶよくなってきた。(so-no-kan-ja-wa-dai-bu-yo-ku-na-tte-ki-ta) = The patient has gotten a lot better. だいぶ前にお会いしたことがありますね。(dai-bu-ma-e-ni-o-a-i-shi-ta-ko-to-ga-a-ri-ma-su-ne) = We met quite a while ago, didn't we? ...に基づいている (...-ni-mo-to-dzu-i-te-i-ru) = it is based on ... / it is grounded upon ... / it pre-assumes ... 民主主義は個人主義に基づいている。(min-shu-shu-gi-wa-ko-jin-shu-gi-ni-mo-to-zu-i-te-i-ru) = Democracy is based on individualism. 彼は経験に基づいて判断する。(ka-re-wa-kei-ken-ni-mo-to-zu-i-te-han-dan-su-ru) = He judges based on experience. Lesson 7[] 他人 (ta-nin) = other people 他人に親切にしなさい。(ta-nin-ni-shin-se-tsu-ni-shi-na-sai) = Be kind to other people. 他人に迷惑をかけてはいけない。(ta-nin-ni-mei-wa-ku-wo-ka-ke-te-wa-i-ke-nai) = You must not bother other people. 地獄とは他人である。(ji-go-ku-to-wa-ta-nin-de-a-ru) = Hell is other people. 尊重する (son-chō-su-ru) = to respect ...など (...-na-do) = something like ... これなどはいかがですか？(ko-re-na-do-wa-i-ka-ga-de-su-ka) = How about something like this? 人権 (jin-ken) = human rights 基本 (ki-hon) = fundamental 読むのは基本だ。(yo-mu-no-wa-ki-hon-da) = Reading is fundamental. 基本的人権を守らなければならない。(ki-hon-te-ki-jin-ken-wo-ma-mo-ri-ra-na-ke-re-ba-na-ra-nai) = We must protect fundamental human rights. ...がなくなった (...-ga-na-ku-na-tta) = ... is missing 私のハンカチがなくなった。(wa-ta-shi-no-han-ka-chi-ga-na-ku-na-tta) = My handkerchief is missing. 彼は酒を飲んで意識がなくなった。(ka-re-wa-sa-ke-wo-non-de-i-shi-ki-ga-na-ku-na-tta) = He lost consciousness after drinking alcohol. 電池がなくなった。(den-chi-ga-na-ku-na-tta) = The battery ran out. ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/42753554?comment_id=45231577 === Skill 56 - Airport === Lesson 1[] ビザ (bi-za) = visa 観光 (kan-kō) = tourism / sightseeing 観光客 (kan-kō-kya-ku) = tourist 観光ビザ (kan-kō-bi-za) = tourist visa 切れる (ki-re-ru) = to expire 切れて (ki-re-te) = expired, expiring 拝見 (hai-ken) = see 拝見させて (hai-ken-sa-se-te) = let "me/i/you" see 入国 (nyū-ko-ku) = immigration / country's entry 入国の目的 (nyū-ko-ku no mo-ku-te-ki) = purpose of entry Lesson 2[] 便 (bin) = flight / service (can be used for bus etc.) 手続き (te-tsu-dzu-ki) = procedure 搭乗手続き (tōjō-te-tsu-dzu-ki) = boarding procedure / check in　　とうじょう　　てつづき 済ませた (suma-seta) = took care of / finished / went through 搭乗中 (tōjō-chu) = now boarding ("the middle of the boarding") 搭乗券 (tōjō-ken) = boarding pass Lesson 3[] 塞 (fu-sa) = block/obstruct 締め (shi-me) = fasten / wear 外しなさい (ha-zu-shi-na-sai) = take off / unfasten (take off/unfasten seatbelt, etc.) 機内に (ki-nai-ni) = on board ("at inside the plane") 手荷物 (te-ni-mo-tsu) = hand luggage 通路 (tsū-ro) = aisle 持ち込み (mo-chi-ko-mi) = bring / take 持ち込まない (mo-chi-ko-ma-nai) = don't bring 持ち込めますか (mo-chi-ko-me-ma-su-ka) = can I bring 機内への持ち込み (ki-nai-he-no-mo-chi-ko-mi) = to take onboard ("to take towards the plane's inside") Lesson 4[] パイロット (pa-i-ro-tto) = pilot 離陸 (ri-ri-ku) = takeoff (plane taking off) 離陸後 (ri-ri-ku-go) = after takeoff (plane taking off) 間もなく (ma-mo-na-ku) = soon 無事に (bu-ji-ni) = safe and sound 持ちですか (mo-chi-de-su-ka) = are you carrying 着陸 (cha-ku-ri-ku) = landed (plane landing) 飛行機を着陸させた (hi-kō-ki-o-cha-ku-ri-ku-sa-se-ta) = landed the plane 危険な (ki-ken-na) = risky 無事着陸した (bu-ji-cha-ku-ri-ku-shi-ta) = landed safely 無事に離陸した (bu-ji-ni-ri-ri-ku-shi-ta) = took off safely Lesson 5[] 嫌 (i-ya) = dislike 苦しみます (ku-ru-shi-mi-ma-su) = I suffer 苦しむの (ku-ru-shi-mu-no) = suffering 時差 (ji-sa) = time difference 時差ぼけ (ji-sa-bo-ke) = jet lag 学生っぽく見える (gaku-se-ppo-ku-mi-e-ru) = [he] looks like a student === Skill 57 - Ideas_2 === Lesson 1[] 謎 = mystery 誤解 = misunderstanding ついに = finally / eventually 解けた = solved　　とけた ついに謎が解けた。= I finally solved the mystery. * * しょうがない = hopeless 彼は本当にしょうがない人だ。= He is a really hopeless person 解けない = cannot solve [unsolvable] 私にはこの謎は解けない。= I cannot solve this mystery. * それは君の誤解だ。= That is your misunderstanding. * 誤解しないで欲しい。= I want you not to misunderstand me. * 謎々 = riddle この謎々の答えは何ですか？= What is the answer to this riddle? * じゃあ、しょうがないな。= Well, there's nothing we can do. * * ついに私たちは中国に到着した。= We finally arrived in China. * ついに彼は大統領になった。= He eventually became President. * 解き = clear up 彼の誤解を解きたい。= I want to clear up his misunderstanding. * 彼の誤解を解きたいです。= I want to clear up his misunderstanding. * Lesson 2[] 適当 = appropriate / suitable 例えば = for example 例えば？= Like what? * * 暗記した = memorized 生徒たちは詩を暗記した。= The students memorized the poem. * 彼女が怒るのは当たり前だ。= It is only natural that she is angry. * * 集中しる = concentrate 目の前の仕事に精神を集中させなさい。= Concentrate your attention on the job in front of you. * 明日までにこの詩を暗記しなければならない。= I have to memorize this poem by tomorrow. * * 勉強に集中しなさい。= Concentrate on your studies. * * さすが = as one would expect さすがにびっくりした。= I was surprised, as one would expect. * * 不適当 = unsuitable / unfit この水は飲むのに不適当だ。= This water is unsuitable to drink. * この気持ちを表現する適当な言葉が見つからない。= I cannot find appropriate words to express these feelings. * さすがだね。= That's just like you, isn't it? * 宿題に集中できない。= I cannot concentrate on my homework. * 例えば、パリはフランスの首都です。= For example, Paris is the capital of France. * その歌を暗記したの？= Have you memorized that song? * 講義に集中できるの？= Can you concentrate on the lecture? * この単語を暗記中です= I am memorizing these words. * 集中しろ。= Focus. * 彼はこの仕事に不適当です。= He is unfit for this job. * 当たり前 = obvious 当たり前のことを言っているだけだ。= I am just stating the obvious. * さすが本田だ。= That's just like you, Honda. * Lesson 3[] 上達 = progress / improvement 伝達 = communication その情報は我々に伝達された。= That information was communicated to us. * 思想 = thought 言葉は思想の記号である。= Words are the symbols of thought. * * 彼女は日本語の上達が早い。= She is making rapid progress in Japanese. * 言葉は伝達の手段である。= Language is a means of communication. * * 意思 = intentions 日本語で自分の意思を伝えた。= I conveyed my intentions in Japanese. * 真理 = truth ついに彼女は真理を知った。= At last she knew the truth. * 賢い = smart 彼は賢い子だ。= He is a smart child. * 大統領の意思を尊重しない。= I do not respect the President's intentions. * 君の日本語はとても上達したと思う。= I think that your Japanese has improved a lot. * 時間は賢く使うべきだ。= You should use your time wisely. * * 彼女は日本語の上達が早いです。= She is making rapid progress in Japanese. * それは疑いのない真理である。= That is the undeniable truth. * その真理があなたたちを自由にするのです。= The truth will set you free. * Lesson 4[] 概念 = concept / notion 極めて = extremely 本気だよ。= I'm serious. * *　ほんき　ほんきに 完成した = completed いつ完成したの？= When was it completed? * 水は極めて重要な天然資源だ。= Water is an extremely important natural resource. * 橋はまだ完成していない。= The bridge has not been completed yet. * 本気にするなよ。= Don't take it seriously. * とにかく = just　　anyway in any case anyhow anyhow 无论如何 とにかく勉強しろ。= Just study. * * とにかくやりなさい。= Just do it. * 生徒たちは概念を正しく理解した。= The students correctly understood the concept. * 無限の宇宙という概念を理解するのは難しい。= It is difficult to comprehend the notion of infinite space. * 毎日練習することが極めて重要だ。= It is extremely important to practice every day. * 幸福の概念は極めて抽象的です。= The concept of happiness is extremely abstract. * Lesson 5[] 純粋 = pure 彼は純粋に妻を愛している。= He loves his wife purely. * * 実際 =actually 彼女は若く見えるが、実際は六十歳を越えている。= She looks young, but she is actually over sixty years old. * 彼女は純粋な心を持っている。= She has a pure heart. * あらゆる = every 父と僕は、あらゆる点で違う。= My father and I are different in every way. * 理性 = reason 人間には理性がある。= Human beings possess reason. * 彼女はあらゆる点で母親に似ています。= She takes after her mother in every respect. * * 試されて = being tested 我が国の民主主義が試されている。= Democracy in our country is being tested. * 試してみる = trying　ためし それは試してみる価値があるよ。= It is worth trying. * 理性的 = rational 彼は理性的な人じゃない。= He is not a rational person. * 実際にその方法を試してみた。= I actually tried that method. *　じっさい　　ほうほう 私たちは彼女を助けようあらゆる努力をした。= We made every effort to help her. * Lesson 6[] 完璧 = perfect ところで = by the way ところで、何歳ですか？= By the way, how old are you? * * あるいは = perhaps / may あるいはそれは本当かもしれない。= Perhaps that is true. * 結局 = after all　けっきょく　結局彼は彼女に会えなかった。＝he ultimately unable meet her. 結局彼女は行かないことにした。= She decided not to go after all. * 彼の日本語は完璧だ。= His Japanese is perfect. 彼女の英語の発音は完璧だ。= Her English pronunciation is perfect. * ところで、今話していた子は誰？= By the way, who was that girl you were just talking to? * 完璧な人はいない。= The perfect person does not exist. * コツ = trick ピアノをうまく弾くコツはありますか？= Is there a trick to playing the piano well? * * それにはコツがある。= There is a trick to it. * あれこれ = various things 私たちは夜遅くまであれこれと話をした。= We talked about various things until late at night. * 彼女はあるいはそう言ったかもしれない。= She may have said so. * === Skill 58 - Health_2 === Lesson 1[] 首 (ku-bi) = neck 喉 (no-do) = throat 肘 (hi-ji) = elbow 腕 (u-de) = arm Lesson 2[] 肩 (ka-ta) = shoulders 爪 (tsu-me) = nails 調子はどうですか？(chō-shi-wa-dō-de-su-ka) = How have you been? ("How is your condition?") 眠れた (ne-mu-re-ta) = I slept 眠って！(ne-mu-tte) = sleep! 眠りたい (ne-mu-ri-tai) = I want to sleep 眠れなかった (ne-mu-re-na-ka-tta) = I could not sleep Lesson 3[] 指 (yu-bi) = finger 血が出ました (chi-ga-de-ma-shi-ta) = I bled 骨 (ho-ne) = bone 膝 (hi-za) = knee Lesson 4[] 健康 (ken-kō) = health 身長 (shin-chō) = height 注射 (chū-sha) = injection 気をつけて (ki-wo-tsu-ke-te) = take care 気をつけたほうがいい (ki-wo-tsu-ke-ta-hō-ga-ī) = You had better be careful Lesson 5[] 熱 (ne-tsu) = fever/heat 熱っぽい (ne-tsu-ppoi) = feverish 体重 (tai-jū) = body weight 力 (chi-ka-ra) = power 具合が悪い (gu-ai-ga-wa-rui) = I feel unwell 風邪 (ka-ze) = a cold なかなか (na-ka-na-ka) = just (it just can't/it simply can't) 治らない (na-o-ra-nai) = does not heal 治った (na-o-tta) = healed 治しました (na-o-shi-ma-shi-ta) = he cured 治しにくい (na-o-shi-ni-kui) = hard to cure 力を落とさないで。(chi-ka-ra-wo-o-to-sa-nai-de) = Stay in good spirits. (“Do not lose power / Do not drop power.”) 体調 (tai-chō) = physical condition Lesson 6[] 脳 (nō) = brain 働き (ha-ta-ra-ki) = the functioning 動いている (u-go-i-te-i-ru) = it progresses 入院 (nyū-in) = hospitalisation 心臓 (shin-zō) = heart (organ) Lesson 7[] 退院します (tai-in-shi-ma-su) = to leave a hospital 見舞い (mi-mai) = a visit (n., not adj.!) 歯医者 (ha-i-sha) = dentist 看護師 (kan-go-shi) = nurse === Skill 59 - Seafood === 巻き寿司 (ma-ki-zu-shi) = Maki Sushi 握り寿司 (ni-gi-ri-zu-shi) = Nigiri Sushi Lesson 1[] 握り (ni-gi-ri) = Nigiri/Hand-Pressed タコ (ta-ko) = octopus サケ (sa-ke) = salmon ...のような (no-yō-na) = resembling of ... 切れ (ki-re) = slice ("cut") 刺身 (sa-shi-mi) = Sashimi/Raw-fish Slices マグロ (ma-gu-ro) = tuna A か B (A-ka-B) = A or B Lesson 2[] のり (no-ri) = Nori/roasted seaweed/sushi algae sheet がり (ga-ri) = pickled ginger 回転 (kai-ten) = conveyor belt たこ焼き (ta-ko-ya-ki) = ball-shaped fried octopus イカ (i-ka) = squid 海老 (e-bi) = shrimp Lesson 3[] 軍艦 (gun-kan) = battleship 巻き (ma-ki) = rolled 手巻き (te-ma-ki) = hand-rolled きゅうり (kyū-ri) = cucumber かっぱ巻き寿司 (ka-ppa-ma-ki-zu-shi) = cucumber sushi rolls 部分 (bu-bun) = part (of an area) トロ (to-ro) = fatty tuna (this also means 'the belly part of tuna', as below) トロはマグロのお腹の部分 (to-ro-wa-ma-gu-ro-no-o-ha-ra-no-bu-bun) = Toro is the belly part of tuna === Skill 60 - Society === Lesson 1[] 天皇 (ten-nō) = emperor 象徴 (shō-chō) = symbol 国家 (ko-kka) = nation 平和 (hei-wa) = peace ...を大切にすべきだ (...wo-tai-se-tsu-ni-su-be-ki-da) = you should value ... Lesson 2[] 建てました (ta-te-ma-shi-ta) = I built 世界 (se-kai) = world 世界中 (se-kai-jū) = around the world 社会 (sha-kai) = society 社会の窓 (sha-kai-no-mado) = trousers' zipper ("the society's window" ¯\_(ツ)_/¯) 文化 (bun-ka) = culture Lesson 3[] 戦争 (sen-sō) = war 経済 (kē-zai) = Economics 経済学者 (kē-zai-gaku-sha) = economist (‘economics student’) 行動 (kō-dō) = behaviour/person's actions 行動を起こすとき (kō-dō-wo-o-ko-su-to-ki) = the time to take actions 反対語 (han-tai-go) = antonym 経済的 (kē-zai-te-ki) = economically Lesson 4[] 生活 (sē-ka-tsu) = lifestyle 番組 (ban-gu-mi) = TV show 面白そう (o-mo-shi-ro-sō) = seems interesting 活動する (ka-tsu-dō-su-ru) = to be active 部活動 (bu-ka-tsu-dō) = club activity 活動的な人 (ka-tsu-dō-te-ki-na-hi-to) = an active person 慣れています (na-re-te-i-ma-su) = I am used to 話すこと (ha-na-su-ko-to) = speech Lesson 5[] 山口 (ya-ma-gu-chi) = Yamaguchi (a city name) 千葉 (chi-ba) = Chiba (a city name) 市 (shi) = city 県 (ken) = prefecture 独立していない (do-ku-ri-tsu-shi-te-i-nai) = be not independent 進歩 (shin-po) = the progress 進歩した (shin-po-shi-ta) = I made progress 文明 (bun-mē) = civilisation Lesson 6[] 計画しています (kē-ka-ku-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I am planning 受付 (u-ke-tsu-ke) = reception 地元 (ji-mo-to) = local 物価 (bu-kka) = the cost of living AとしてB (A-to-shi-te-B) = B as/as the role of A (more like "A being played by B") === Skill 61 - Work_2 === Lesson 1[] 挨拶します (ai-sa-tsu-shi-ma-su) = I greet 元気に挨拶します (gen-ki-ni-ai-sa-tsu-shi-ma-su) = I greet energetically 知っている人に会ったら、挨拶しましょう。(shi-tte-i-ru-hi-to-ni-atta-ra-ai-sa-tsu-shi-ma-shō) = If we meet people we know, let's greet them. とりあえず (to-ri-a-e-zu) = for the time being 続きします (tsu-dzu-ki-shi-ma-su) = I will continue / I continue 続いた (tsu-dzu-i-ta) = it continued 戦争は六年間続いた。 (sen-sō-wa-ro-ku-nen-kan-tsu-dzu-i-ta) = the war continued for six years 嵐はいつまで続くのだろうか。(a-ra-shi-wa-i-tsu-ma-de-tsu-dzu-ku-no-da-rō-ka) = How long will the storm last. or How long will the storm last? ("I wonder until when the storm will probably continue.") 許可した (kyo-ka-shi-ta) = I authorised [許可するの and eventually 許可 mean ‘the act of authorising’ = authorisation, as explained in Skill: Health 3] 許可をもらいましたか？(kyo-ka-wo-mo-rai-ma-shi-ta-ka) = Did you receive permission? お代わり (o-ka-wa-ri) = another serving ご飯のお代わり (go-han-no-o-ka-wa-ri) = another serving of rice お代わりしてもいいですか (o-ka-wa-ri-shi-te-mo-ī-de-su-ka) = May I have another? 代わりにこれを買いなさい。(ka-wa-ri-ni-ko-re-wo-kai-na-sai) = Buy this one instead. Lesson 2[] 遅刻 (chi-ko-ku) = late 彼女は三十分も遅刻です。(ko-no-jo-wa-san-ju-ppun-mo-chi-ko-ku-de-su) = She is 30 minutes late. (Emphatic 'も') 私は寝坊して仕事に遅刻してしまいました。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ne-bō-shi-te-shi-go-to-ni-chi-ko-ku-shi-te-shi-mai-ma-shi-ta) = I overslept and ended up being late for work. 用事 (yō-ji) = business 彼に用事があります。(ka-re-ni-yō-ji-ga-a-ri-ma-su) = I have business with him. 規則 (ki-so-ku) = regular 規則的運動 (ki-so-ku-te-ki-na-un-dō) = regular exercising 規則 (ki-so-ku) = rule / rules 規則を守りなさい。 (ki-so-ku-wo-ma-mo-ri-na-sai) = Follow the rules. 彼女は学校の規則を決して破らない。(ka-no-jo-wa-ga-kkō-no-ki-so-ku-wo-ke-shi-te-ya-bu-ra-nai) = She never breaks the school rules. 暮らした (ku-ra-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I lived 夫の給料だけでは暮らしていけなかった。(o-tto-no-kyū-ryō-da-ke-de-wa-ku-ra-shi-te-i-ke-na-ka-tta) = We could not live on my husband's salary alone. 彼は今暮らしに困っているそうだ。(ka-re-wa-i-ma-ku-ra-shi-ni-ko-ma-tte-i-ru-sō-da) = I hear he is struggling to get by these days. Lesson 3[] 連絡をくれません (ren-ra-ku-wo-ku-re-ma-sen) = we do not get in touch 着くのが遅くなるようだったら、連絡してください。(tsu-ku-no-ga-o-so-ku-na-ru-yō-da-tta-ra-ren-ra-ku-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = If it seems you will be late please get in touch. この勘定は間違いようだ。　　似乎是一个错误　　　間違いそう　看起来像一个错误 This calculation seems wrong. 家族に連絡したいんですが。(ka-zo-ku-ni-ren-ra-ku-shi-ta-in-de-su-ga) = I would like to contact my family. 連絡はメールでもいいですか？(ren-ra-ku-wa-mē-ru-de-mo-ī-de-su-ka) = May I contact you by mail? 失敗 (shi-ppai) = mistake また同じ失敗をしたの？(ma-ta-o-na-ji-shi-ppai-wo-shi-ta-no) = Did you make the same mistake again? テストに失敗した。(te-su-to-ni-shi-ppai-shi-ta) = I failed the test. ご職業 / 職業 (go-sho-ku-gyō / sho-ku-gyō) = profession Lesson 4[] 自己紹介 (ji-ko-shō-kai) = self-introduction 自己主張の強い (ji-ko-shi-chō-no-tsu-yo-i) = self-assertive 自己紹介をします (ji-ko-shō-kai-wo-shi-ma-su) = I introduce myself 自己紹介をさせてください (ji-ko-shō-kai-wo-sa-se-te-ku-da-sai) = Please let me introduce myself 自己紹介させてください (ji-ko-shō-kai-sa-se-te-ku-da-sai) = Please allow me to introduce myself 紹介してくれた (shō-kai-shi-te-ku-re-ta) = I gave an introduction 彼にくれました (ka-re-ni-ku-re-ma-shi-ta) = I gave to him / I sent to him 情報 (jō-hō) = information 役に立たない (ya-ku-ni-ta-ta-nai) = it is not useful (don't say "it is useless"!) 役に立つ (ya-ku-ni-ta-tsu) = useful (adj.) 役に立つ情報 (ya-ku-ni-ta-tsu-jō-hō) = useful information 学ぶのに役に立つ (ma-na-bu-no-ni-ya-ku-ni-ta-tsu) = it is useful for [the process of] learning 役に立ちます (ya-ku-ni-ta-chi-ma-su) = it is useful 役に立ちません (ya-ku-ni-ta-chi-ma-sen) = it is useless 集めている (a-tsu-me-te-i-ru) = I am collecting / gathering Lesson 5[] 我々(wa-re-wa-re) = we 部屋の中にいたのは我々六人でした。(he-ya-no-na-ka-ni-i-ta-no-wa-wa-re-wa-re-ro-ku-nin-de-shi-ta) = There were six of us in the room. 我々は再び戦争をしてはいけない。(wa-re-wa-re-wa-fu-ta-ta-bi-sen-sō-wo-shi-te-wa-i-ke-nai) = We must not go to war again. 最大の... (sai-dai-no-...) = the largest ... / the biggest ... 最大の注意を払って運転しなさい。(sai-dai-no-chū-i-wo-ha-ra-tte-un-ten-shi-na-sai) = Drive with utmost caution. ("Please pay the utmost caution while driving.") 代表 (dai-hyō) = delegate / representative 彼女は会社を代表して結婚式に出席した。(ka-no-jo-wa-kai-sha-wo-dai-hyō-shi-te-ke-kkon-shi-ki-ni-shu-sse-ki-shi-ta) = She attended the wedding representing the company. 産業 (san-gyō) = industry 新しい産業で町が大きな都市に変わった。(a-ta-ra-shī-san-gyō-de-ma-chi-ga-ou-ki-na-to-shi-ni-ka-wa-tta) = Due to the new industry, the town transformed into a big city. Lesson 6[] 収入 (shū-nyū) = income 税金 (zei-kin) = taxes 生産している (sei-san-shi-te-i-ru) = I am producing 生産国 (sei-san-ko-ku) = manufacturer 遅れる (o-ku-re-ru) = to be late 遅れます (o-ku-re-ma-su) = I will be late ...を上げた (...-wo-a-ge-ta) = I raised / lifted ... 相当な (sō-tō-na) = considerable 得ている (e-te-i-ru) = I am earning [also, ‘obtaining’] 世界一 (se-kai-i-chi) = the world's number one ひどく (hi-do-ku) = seriously / gravely 私は月二十万の収入がある。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ge-tsu-ni-jū-man-no-nyū-shū-ga-a-ru) = I have a salary of 200, 000 yen a month. Lesson 7[] 輸入 (yu-nyū) = the import 輸入している (yu-nyū-shi-te-i-ru) = he is importing このワインは日本に輸入されていたかな。(ko-no-wa-in-wa-ni-hon-ni-yu-nyū-sa-re-te-i-ta-ka-na) = I wonder if this wine was imported into Japan. 輸出 (yu-shi-tsu) = the export 輸出している (yu-shi-tsu-shi-te-i-ru) = he is exporting 貿易 (bō-e-ki) = the trade 貿易をしている (bō-e-ki-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = he is trading 貿易相手国 (bō-e-ki-ai-te-ko-ku) = trading partner 我が国 (wa-ga-ku-ni) = our country 我が社 (wa-ga-sha) = our company === Skill 62 - Feelings_2 === Lesson 1[] 恋 (ko-i) = love 心配 (shin-pai) = concern 不安 (fu-an) = anxious/uneasy 眠い (ne-mui) = sleepy まだ眠い (ma-da-ne-mui) = I'm still sleepy. 寂しい (sa-bi-shī) = isolating / lonely (adj.) がっかりした (ga-kka-ri-shi-ta) = I am disappointed 寂しくなります。(sa-bi-shi-ku-na-ri-ma-su) = I will get lonely. (‘I will become lonely.’) [See 'Adverbs from -い Adjectives'[1]] 数学の成績にはがっかりした。(sū-ga-ku-no-sei-se-ki-ni-wa-ga-kka-ri-shi-ta) = I was disappointed with my math grades. ("..disappointed, my grades, at which.") 心配したよ。(shim-pai-shi-ta-yo) = I was worried you know. ("I have done worry, you know.") 生徒たちはとても眠かったです。(sei-to-ta-chi-wa-to-te-mo-ne-mu-ka-tta-de-su) = The students were very sleepy. 私は不安な気持ちだった。(wa-ta-shi-wa-fu-an-na-ki-mo-chi-da-tta) = I had an uneasy feeling. ("Regarding me, it was an uneasy feeling.") 本当に恋をしているんです。(hon-tō-ni-koi-wo-shi-te-i-run-de-su) = I am truly in love. [See 'Verb-ん Construction'[2]] 心配しないで！(shim-pai-shi-nai-de) = Don't worry! 恋をしたことがありますか？(koi-wo-shi-ta-ko-to-ga-a-ri-ma-su-ka) = Have you ever been in love? 一人で外国生活をするのは寂しいです。(hi-to-ri-de-gai-ko-ku-sei-ka-tsu-wo-su-ru-no-wa-sa-bi-shī-de-su) = Living abroad by yourself is isolating. Lesson 2[] 冗談 (jō-dan) = joke 何を笑っているの (na-ni-wo-wa-ra-tte-i-ru-no) = what are you laughing at 精神的な (sē-shin-te-ki-na) = mental/emotional/psychological 精神的に (sē-shin-te-ki-ni) = mentally/emotionally/psychologically 落ち着いた気分です (o-chi-tsui-ta-ki-bun-de-su) = I feel relaxed Lesson 3[] 愛情 (ai-jō) = love/affection 自信 (ji-shin) = faith/confidence 得られなかった (e-ra-re-na-ka-tta) = I could not get 微笑み続けてなさい (ho-ho-e-mi-tsu-zu-ke-na-sai) = Keep smiling. 微笑んだ (ho-ho-en-da) = I smiled Lesson 4[] 胸 (mu-ne) = chest/breast 互いに (ta-gai-ni) = with one another お互い(を) (o-ta-gai-(wo)) = each other 関係 (kan-kei) = connection/to do with/relationship [used as "...に関係がある", or "...に関係がない"] ドキドキ (do-ki-do-ki) = exciting Lesson 5[] 人気 (nin-ki) = popularity / popular やっと (ya-tto) = finally 怒ってるみたいでした (o-ko-tte-ru-mi-tai-de-shi-ta) = I looked upset 怒っているんですか (o-ko-tte-i-run-de-su-ka) = are you angry 恐れます (o-so-re-ma-su) = I fear ときめきます (to-ki-me-ki-ma-su) = it sparks joy ときめかなかった (to-ki-me-ka-na-ka-tta) = it did not spark joy 怒る (o-ko-ru) = to get mad [From Lesson: Feelings 3] Lesson 6[] 驚く (o-do-ro-ku) = surprised (adj.) 驚くほど (o-do-ro-ku-ho-do) = surprisingly (adv.) 触る (sa-wa-ru) = to touch 触ります (sa-wa-ri-ma-su) = I touched 個人的な (ko-jin-te-ki-na) = personal/private 個人 (ko-jin) = person/individual 恥ずかしい (ha-zu-ka-shī) = embarassful === Skill 63 - The_Arts_1 === Lesson 1[] 舞台 (bu-tai) = stage/setting/backdrop 絵画 (kai-ga) = painting 芸術家 (gei-ju-tsu-ka) = artist 作家 (sa-kka) = writer 私の好きな作家の一人です (wa-ta-shi-no-su-ki-na-sa-kka-no-hi-to-ri-de-su) = He is one of my favourite writers 枝豆 (e-da-ma-me) = Fresh Green Soybean/Edamame Aの一種 (no-i-sshu) = a kind of A 豆の一種 (ma-me-no-i-sshu) = a kind of bean Lesson 2[] 女優 (jo-yū) = actress 俳優 (hai-yū) = actor コンサート (kon-sā-to) = concert 劇 (ge-ki) = play/drama 劇作家 (ge-ki-sa-kka) = play writer/playwright 集まり (a-tsu-ma-ri) = attendance Lesson 3[] 歌手 (ka-shu) = singer 監督 (kan-to-ku) = director 拍手 (ha-ku-shu) = applause 感動しました (kan-dō-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I was (emotionally) touched 感動的な (kan-dō-te-ki-na) = touching/moving Lesson 4[] 筆 (fu-de) = (paint) brush 作品 (sa-ku-hin) = work/masterpiece/performance 劇場 (ge-ki-jō) = theatre 詩 (u-ta/shi-o) = poem 芸術 (gei-ju-tsu) = arts 芸術的な (gei-ju-tsu-te-ki-na) = artistic [From Skill: Desire 2, Lesson 2] 取るつもりはない (to-ru-tsu-mo-ri-wa-nai) = I have no intentions of taking Lesson 5[] 人々(hi-to-bi-to) = people in general 観客 (kan-kya-ku) = audience 詩人 (shi-jin) = poet 偉大な (i-dai-na) = great 視線 (shi-sen) = the gaze/act of gazing (=staring) 周り (ma-wa-ri) = surroundings Lesson 6[] 壁 (ka-be) = wall 場面 (ba-men) = scene/situation 美術館 (bi-ju-tsu-ka) = museum/art gallery 役 (ya-ku) = role 役割 (ya-ku-wa-ri) = role 演じる (en-ji-ru) = to play (of a role) 演じた (en-ji-ta) = it played (of a role) === Skill 64 - Plans === Lesson 1[] 忙しいしお金もない (i-so-ga-shī-shi-o-ka-ne-mo-nai) = I am busy and do not have money そのケーキは高いのに... (so-no-kē-ki-wa-ta-kai-no-ni-...) = That cake is expensive, but despite that ... 今回 (kon-kai) = this time 出席した (shu-sse-ki-shi-ta) = I attended 出席者 (shu-sse-ki-sha) = attendee 計画 (kei-ka-ku) = a plan 全員 (zen-in) = all/everyone 十分な (jū-bun-na) = sufficient 彼女は日曜日を除いて毎日働く。(ka-na-jo-wa-ni-chi-yō-bi-wo-no-zo-i-te-mai-ni-chi-ha-ta-ra-ku) = She works everyday except for / except on Sundays. 彼女は毎日働くて日曜日を除い　のぞい = She works everyday except for / except on Sundays. 戻りました (mo-do-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I returned 作りやすい (tsu-ku-ri-ya-sui) = easy to make Lesson 2[] さっき (sa-kki) = just now / a few minutes ago / a short while ago たまに (ta-ma-ni) = occasionally たいてい (tai-tei) = in general / usually たまには外で食事しよう (ta-ma-ni-wa-so-to-de-sho-ku-ji-shi-yō) = let's eat outside for a change 着きます (tsu-ki-ma-su) = I will arrive 着く (tsu-ku) = the act of arriving 予定 / ご予定 (yo-tei / go-yo-tei) = schedule [also, 'plans'. From Lesson: Authority] お待ちしていました (o-ma-chi-shi-te-i-ma-shi-ta) = I have been waiting for you Lesson 3[] (noun) も (noun-mo) = a definite (noun) [eg. two whole hours, absolutely no-one, a freaking gold coin] 間 (ai-da) = the time period 十年間 (jū-nen-ai-da) = a period of ten years 足りない (ta-ri-nai) = it will not suffice　たりる　足りる　enough 足りない (ta-ri-nai) = it is missing A なら B あれば足りる (A-na-ra-B-a-re-ba-ta-ri-ru) = A, concerning it, B shall be sufficient. 数日の旅行なら五万円あれば足りる ...に引っ越す (...-ni-hi-kko-su) = I will move to ... 引っ越した (hi-kko-shi-ta) = I have moved 引っ越したところです (hi-kko-shi-ta-to-ko-ro-de-su) = I have just moved 先週この町に引っ越してきた。(sen-shū-ko-no-ma-chi-ni-hi-kko-shi-te-ki-ta) = I moved to this town last week. [From Skill: Casual 1, Lesson 5] Lesson 4[] 以上です (i-jō-de-su) = that is all ...以下 (...-i-ka) = less than ... ...以外 (...-i-gai) = other than ... それ以外 (so-re-i-gai) = other than that それ以外なら (so-re-i-gai-na-ra) = if it's other than that 以下の本が必要です (i-ka-no-hon-ga-hi-tsu-yō-de-su) = I need the following books. 彼女以外の誰も好きじゃない (ka-no-jo-i-gai-no-da-re-mo-su-ki-ja-nai) = I do not like anybody other than her 何でもしよう (na-ni-de-mo-shi-yō) = I will do anything 見物 (ken-bu-tsu) = sight-seeing (verb) ばかりだ (verb-ba-ka-ri-da) = I just (verb) やはり (ya-ha-ri) = after all / as expected やはり会いに来てくれたんだね (ya-ha-ri-ai-ni-ki-te-ku-re-tan-da-ne) = You came to see me after all. やっぱり (ya-ppa-ri) = after all / as expected [casual form of やはり] Lesson 5[] (object)を持ってきます ((object)-wo-mo-tte-ki-ma-su) = I will bring along (object) (object)を持ってくる ((object)-wo-mo-tte-ku-ru) = I bring along (object) (someone)を...に連れていってあげたいです ((someone)-wo-...-ni-tsu-re-te-i-tte-a-ge-tai-de-su) = I want to take (someone) to ... これを持っていきなさい (ko-re-wo-mo-tte-i-ki-na-sai) = (please) Take along this one. ...いたら (...-i-ta-ra) = if I had そこまで運転していくほうがいいですね (so-ko-ma-de-un-ten-shi-te-i-ku-hō-ga-ī-de-su-ne) = We should drive there. 急いで (i-so-i-de) = in a hurry / hurriedly 急いだ (i-so-i-da) = I hurried 訪ねる (ta-zu-ne-ru) = to visit Lesson 6[] 念のため (nen-no-ta-me) = just in case 明るい (a-ka-rui) = brilliant/excellent 未来 (mi-rai) = the future 確認させて (ka-ku-nin-sa-se-te) = let me confirm 博物館 (ha-ku-bu-tsu-kan) = museum 到着予定時間 (tō-cha-ku-yo-tei-ji-kan) = scheduled arrival time (command) おいたほうがいいです ((command)-oi-ta-hō-ga-ii-de-su) = you should (command) in advance 急ぎましょう (i-so-gi-ma-shō) = let's hurry Lesson 7[] 再び (fu-ta-ta-bi) = again/once more 静かになった (shi-zu-ka-ni-na-tta) = it became quiet 次回 (ji-kai) = next time 将来 (shō-rai) = one's future/destiny 留守中 (ru-su-chū) = during my absence 世話 / お世話が簡単です (se-wa / o-se-wa-ga-kan-tan-de-su) = is easy to care for ...を世話してください (...-wo-se-wa-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = please take care of ... お世話になりました (o-se-wa-ni-na-ri-ma-shi-ta) = Thank you for your support 旅行に行っていてるすだ (ryo-kō-ni-i-tte-i-te-ru-su-da) = I was away on a trip 訪れた (o-to-zu-re-ta) = I visited 一緒します (i-ssho-shi-ma-su) = I will join you 戻ってきた (mo-do-tte-ki-ta) = I came back ...になりたいと思っています (...-ni-na-ri-tai-to-o-mo-tte-i-ma-su) = I would like to become ... === Skill 65 - Home_3 === Lesson 1[] 炊飯器 (sui-han-ki) = rice cooker 父は高い電気炊飯器を買った。(chi-chi-wa-ta-kai-den-ki-sui-han-ki-wo-ka-tta) = My father bought an expensive electric rice cooker. ...を切った (...-wo-ki-tta) = I cut ... ...を切れる (...-wo-ki-re-ru) = I cut ... (general tense) 言葉は剣より切れる。(ko-to-ba-wa-ken-yo-ri-ki-re-ru) = Words cut more than swords. ("Words can cut more ...", or "Words, swords more than which, they can cut." [Notice the bad grammar in the Japanese, "Words cut more than the amount that swords cut." Don't compare an act of cutting to a sword!]) この包丁はあまり切れない。(ko-no-hō-chō-wa-a-ma-ri-ki-re-nai) = This knife does not cut very well. ...を炊きました (...-wo-ta-ki-ma-shi-ta) = I cooked ... ...を炊いた (...-wo-tai-ta) = I cooked ... ...を炊いてください (...-wo-tai-te-ku-da-sai) = Please cook ... 包丁 (hō-chō) = kitchen knife 習慣 (shū-kan) = custom / practice / habit 読書 (do-ku-sho) = book reading 読書する暇がない。(do-ku-sho-su-ru-hi-ma-ga-nai) = I have no time to read. ("The time to read does not exist."/"The to-read time does not exist.") Lesson 2[] 引き出し (hi-ki-da-shi) = drawer 引き出しを閉めてください。(hi-ki-da-shi-wo-shi-me-te-ku-da-sai) = Please close the drawer. お金を引き出しにしまった。(o-ka-ne-wo-hi-ki-da-shi-ni-shi-ma-tta) = I put away the money in the drawer. 彼女は私たちを夕食に招いてくれた。(ka-no-jo-wa-wa-ta-shi-ta-chi-wo-yū-sho-ku-ni-ma-ne-i-te-ku-re-ta) = She invited us to dinner. お招きいただきありがとうございます。(o-ma-ne-ki-i-ta-da-ki-a-ri-ga-tō-go-zai-ma-su) = Thank you very much for inviting me. ご自宅 / 自宅 (go-ji-ta-ku / ji-ta-ku) = home 自宅にお電話ください。(ji-ta-ku-ni-o-den-wa-ku-da-sai) = Please call my home. 彼を自宅に招いた。(ka-re-wo-ji-ta-ku-ni-ma-ne-i-ta) = I invited him to my home. 住宅 (jū-ta-ku) = housing 住宅不足は重大な社会問題である。(jū-ta-ku-bu-so-ku-wa-jū-dai-na-sha-kai-mon-dai-de-a-ru) = The housing shortage is a serious social issue. 犠牲者は主に古い木の住宅に住んでいる人たちだった。(gi-sei-sha-wa-o-mo-ni-fu-rui-ki-no-jū-ta-ku-ni-sun-de-i-ru-hi-to-ta-chi-da-tta) = The victims were primarily people living in old wooden housing. ("The victims, regarding them, primarily it was living-at-old-wood's-housing people." or "...it was old-wood's-housing-at-which-live people.") お住まい / 住まい (o-su-mai / su-mai) = residence / home お住まいはどちらですか？(o-su-mai-wa-do-chi-ra-de-su-ka) = Where is your residence? ("Which way...") この建物は住まい向きにできている。(ko-no-ta-te-mo-no-wa-su-mai-mu-ki-ni-de-ki-te-i-ru) = This building is designated as a residence. 彼は大都会に住むことを寂しいと感じた。(ka-re-wa-dai-to-kai-ni-su-mu-ko-to-wo-sa-bi-shī-to-kan-ji-ta) = He felt lonely living in a big city. / He felt that it was [isolating / lonely] [living / residing] in [a / the] [big / large] city. いいお住まいですね。(ī-o-su-mai-de-su-ne) = You have a nice residence. ("It is a good/fine residence, isn't it?") イタリアに住みたい。(i-ta-ri-a-ni-su-mi-tai) = I want to live in Italy. この町はとても住みやすい。(ko-no-ma-chi-wa-to-te-mo-su-mi-ya-sui) = This town is very easy/comfortable to live in. 屋根裏部屋 (ya-ne-u-ra-be-ya) = attic Lesson 3[] 土 (tsu-chi) = soil / dirt / earth [tsuchikage!! 💪] ここは土が悪い。(ko-ko-wa-tsu-chi-ga-wa-rui) = The soil here is poor. ここは土のにおいがする。(ko-ko-wa-tsu-chi-no-ni-oi-ga-su-ru) = It smells like soil here. 泥 (do-ro) = mud 清潔 (sei-ke-tsu) = clean 部屋を清潔にしておきなさい。(he-ya-wo-sei-ke-tsu-ni-shi-te-o-ki-na-sai) = Keep your room clean. 直美はいつも手を清潔にしている。(nao-mi-wa-i-tsu-mo-te-wo-sei-ke-tsu-ni-shi-te-i-ru) = Naomi always keeps her hands clean. 汚れた (yo-go-re-ta) = It got dirty 白い手袋はすぐ汚れる。(shi-roi-te-bu-ku-ro-wa-su-gu-yo-go-re-ru) = White gloves get dirty quickly. 彼の指輪は泥で汚れている。(ka-re-no-yu-bi-wa-do-ro-de-yo-go-re-te-i-ru) = His fingers are dirty with mud. くしゃくしゃ (ku-sha-ku-sha) = wrinkled / crumpled / messy 彼はくしゃくしゃのシャツを着ている。(ka-re-wa-ku-sha-ku-sha-no-sha-tsu-wo-ki-te-i-ru) = He is wearing a wrinkled/wrinkly shirt. Lesson 4[] 扉 (to-bi-ra) = door 生地 (sei-chi) = material 配管工 (hai-kan-kō) = plumber 配管工は扉を開けようとした。(hai-kan-kō-wa-to-bi-ra-wo-a-ke-yō-to-shi-ta) = The plumber tried to open the door. カーテン (kā-ten) = curtain 扉が開かれた。(to-bi-ra-ga-hi-ra-ka-re-ta) = The door was opened. その本のおかげで彼は新しい世界に目を開かれた。(so-no-hon-no-o-ka-ge-de-ka-re-wa-a-ta-ra-shī-se-kai-ni-me-wo-hi-ra-ka-re-ta) = His eyes were opened to a new world thanks to that book. 扉を開けようとしたが無駄だった。(to-bi-ra-wo-a-ke-yō-to-shi-ta-ga-mu-da-da-tta) = I tried to open the door but it was no use. 配管工は赤いキノコを盗もうとして捕まった。(hai-kan-kō-wa-a-kai-ki-no-ko-wo-nu-su-mo-u-to-shi-te-tsu-ka-ma-tta) = The plumber was caught trying to steal a red mushroom. Lesson 5[] 糸 (i-to) = thread [in sewing] 糸が切れた。(i-to-ga-ki-re-ta) = The thread snapped. ...を縫った (nu-tta) = I sewed ... 糸で結びなさい。(i-to-de-mu-su-bi-na-sai) = Tie it with a thread. 彼は口を固く結んだ。(ka-re-wa-ku-chi-wo-ko-tei-ku-mu-sun-da) = He shut his mouth firmly. 木綿 (mo-men) = cotton 木綿のシャツを三枚買った。(mo-men-no-sha-tsu-wo-san-mai-ka-tta) = I bought three cotton shirts. 彼は木綿のセーターを着ている。(ka-re-wa-mo-men-no-sē-tā-wo-ki-te-i-ru) = He is wearing a cotton sweater. 木綿のシャツは良く/よく汗を吸う。(mo-men-no-sha-tsu-wa-yo-ku-a-se-wo-sū) = Cotton shirts absorb sweat well. === Skill 66 - Work_3 === Lesson 1[] 年金 (nen-kin) = pension 両親は年金で生活している。(ryō-shin-wa-nen-kin-de-sei-ka-tsu-shi-te-i-ru) = My parents are living off their pension. ("My parents, the pension, in the manner thereof, are practising their lifestyle.") それは何という意味ですか？(so-re-wa-nan-to-yu-i-mi-de-su-ka) = What does that mean? 茂という人に会った。(shi-ge-ru-to-iu-hi-to-ni-a-tta) = I met a person named Shigeru. ("I met a person who says 'Shigeru'.") 退職することにした (tai-sho-ku-su-ru-ko-to-ni-shi-ta) = I decided to retire. ("I decided at stuff like retiring.") 退職後 (tai-sho-ku-go) = the period after retirement ("post-retirement") 退職後は夫と田舎で暮らすつもりです。(tai-sho-ku-go-wa-tsu-ma-to-i-na-ka-de-ku-ra-su-tsu-mo-ri-de-su) = After retirement, I intend to live with my husband in the countryside. 母は六十五歳で退職し年金生活に入った。(ha-ha-wa-ro-ku-jū-go-sai-de-ta-i-sho-ku-shi-nen-kin-sei-ka-tsu-ni-ha-i-tta) = My mother retired and became a pensioner at the age of sixty-five. ("At 65, mother entered pension life while retiring.") ...を与えられなかった (...-wo-a-ta-e-ra-re-na-ka-tta) = He was not granted ... ...に与えた (...-ni-a-ta-e-ta) = I provided to ... ...に与えました (...-ni-a-ta-e-ma-shi-ta) = I provided to ... 従業員 (jū-gyō-in) = employee 従業員専用。(jū-gyō-in-sen-yō) = Employees only. ("Employees-reserved.") Lesson 2[] 会社員 (kai-sha-in) = office worker 公務員 (kō-mu-in) = government employee / public servant 公務員は年金を与えられる。(kō-mu-in-wa-nen-kin-wo-a-ta-e-ra-re-ru) = Government employees are granted pensions. 彼女は地方公務員です。(ka-no-jo-wa-chi-hō-kō-mu-in-de-su) = She is a regional government employee. 方法 (hō-hō) = way / technique / method ストレスを和らげる一番よい方法は何ですか？(su-to-re-su-wo-ya-wa-ra-ge-ru-i-chi-ban-yoi-hō-hō-wa-nan-de-su-ka) = What's the best way to relieve stress? 他に方法がない。(ho-ka-ni-hō-hō-ga-nai) = There is no other way. 彼女の方法は科学的ではない。(ka-no-jo-no-hō-hō-wa-ka-ga-ku-te-ki-de-wa-nai) = Her method is not scientific. 過労 (ka-rō) = overwork 過労死 (ka-rō-shi) = death from overwork 過労死は深刻な社会問題だ。(ka-rō-shi-wa-shin-ko-ku-na-sha-kai-mon-dai-da) = Death from overwork is a serious societal problem. 深刻な (shin-ko-ku-na) = serious 深刻な問題だと思いますよ。(shin-ko-ku-na-mon-dai-da-to-o-moi-ma-su-yo) = I think that it is a serious problem. 深刻な環境問題となっている。(shin-ko-ku-na-kan-kyō-mon-dai-to-na-tte-i-ru) = It has become a serious environmental issue. 出張中 (shuch-chō-chū) = away from business ("the midst of a business trip") 父は出張中です。(chi-chi-wa-shuch-chō-chū-de-su) = My father is away on business. ("Regarding my father, it is the midst of a business trip.") 出張 (shuch-chō) = a business trip Lesson 3[] 同僚 (dō-ryō) = colleague こちらが同僚の田中でございます。(ko-chi-ra-ga-dō-ryō-no-ta-na-ka-de-go-zai-ma-su) = This is my colleague Mr. Tanaka. 帰りに同僚たちといっぱい飲んだ。(ka-e-ri-ni-dō-ryō-ta-chi-to-i-ppai-non-da) = I had a drink with my co-workers after work. ...へ転勤になった (...-e-ten-kin-ni-na-tta) = I was transferred to ... ...へ転勤になりました (...-e-ten-kin-ni-na-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I was transferred to ... 四月に地方の支店に転勤になった。(shi-ga-tsu-ni-chi-hō-no-shi-ten-ni-ten-kin-ni-na-tta) = I was transferred to a regional branch in April. 面接 (men-se-tsu) = interview 我々は午後に面接を行います。(wa-re-wa-re-wa-go-go-ni-men-se-tsu-wo-o-ko-nai-ma-su) = We will conduct/hold interviews in the afternoon. 支店 (shi-ten) = company branch 就職 (shū-sho-ku) = job finding　　就職＝しゅうしょく　　　　就職活動＝job　hunting 大学生はしゅうしょく　かつどう）活動で理由忙しい。 就職面接のために背広を買った。(shū-sho-ku-men-se-tsu-no-ta-me-ni-se-bi-ro-wo-ka-tta) = I bought a suit for job interviews. ("I bought a suit for interviews of job finding.") Lesson 4[] 編集者 (hen-shū-sha) = editor ...を編集した (...-wo-hen-shū-shi-ta) = I edited ... 編集 (hen-shū) = the act of editing ビデオを編集したの？(bi-de-o-wo-hen-shū-shi-ta-no) = Did you edit the video? ("The act of editing the video?") 彼女は新聞の編集の仕事をしている。(ka-no-jo-wa-shin-bun-no-hen-shū-no-shi-go-to-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = She is working to edit a newspaper. ("She is doing the work concerning the act of editing for the newspaper.") 募集中 (bo-shū-chū) = the act of recruiting ("the midst of the act of recruiting") ...を募集している (...-wo-bo-shū-shi-te-i-ru) = I am recruiting ... 労働 (rō-dō) = labour (‘the act of doing labour’) 労働者 (rō-dō-sha) = worker / labourer ...を組織しました (...-so-shi-ki-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I organised ... / I formed ... / I put in place ... / I established ... 政治家は新しい政党を組織しました。(sei-ji-ka-wa-a-ta-ra-shī-sei-tō-wo-so-shi-ki-shi-ma-shi-ta) = The politicians organized/formed a new political party. 組合 (ku-mi-ai) = union 労働者は組合を組織した。(rō-dō-sha-wa-ku-mi-ai-wo-so-shi-ki-shi-ta) = The workers organized a union. 組合員 (ku-mi-ai-in) = union member ("member of union") Lesson 5[] 件 (ken) = matter / affair その件は彼に関係がない。(so-no-ken-wa-ka-re-ni-kan-kei-ga-nai) = That matter has nothing to do with him. ("That matter, regarding it, there exists no relationship to him. / ...no connection with him.") あの件はどうなりましたか？(a-no-ken-wa-dō-na-ri-ma-shi-ta-ka) = What became of that matter? / What happened with that matter? 店員 (ten-in) = salesperson / clerk / shop assistant あそこの店員に聞いてみたら？(a-so-ko-no-ten-in-ni-ki-i-te-mi-ta-ra) = Why don't you try asking that salesperson over there? [Colloquial contraction of "あそこの店員に聞いてみたらどうですか?"] 私はコンビニの店員をしたことがある。(wa-ta-shi-wa-kon-bi-ni-no-ten-in-wo-shi-ta-ko-to-ga-a-ru) = I have worked as a clerk at a convenience store. ("I did a Kombini's shop assistant.") 持ち主 (mo-chi-nu-shi) = owner / possessor その家の持ち主は私だ。(so-no-ie-no-mo-chi-nu-shi-wa-wa-ta-shi-da) = The owner of that house is me. ...を建設している (...-wo-ken-se-tsu-shi-te-i-ru) = I am constructing ... 建設中 (ken-se-tsu-chū) = under construction ("in the midst of the act of construction") 転職をした (ten-sho-ku-wo-shi-ta) = I changed jobs 彼は弁護士から転職して料理人になった人です。(ka-re-wa-ben-go-shi-ka-ra-ten-sho-ku-shi-te-ryō-ri-nin-ni-na-tta-hi-to-de-su) = He is someone who left his job as a lawyer and became a chef. ("He is a cooking-man-became-while-leaving-from-lawyer person.") 履歴 (ri-re-ki) = personal history 彼女は変わった履歴の持ち主です。(ka-no-jo-wa-ka-wa-tta-ri-re-ki-no-mo-chi-nu-shi-de-su) = She has an unusual/unique personal history. ("She is the owner of a transformed/changed/weird personal history.") 履歴書 (ri-re-ku-sho) = résumé / CV / personal history Lesson 6[] 日程調整 (ni-ttei-chō-sei) = schedule adjustment 機械を設計した (ki-kai-wo-se-kkei-shi-ta) = I designed this machine ...によって (...-ni-yo-tte) = by the intermediary/assistance of ... [in French, 'à travers ...'] その建物は有名な建築家によって設計された。(so-no-ta-te-mo-no-wa-yū-mei-na-ken-chi-ku-ka-ni-yo-tte-se-kkei-sa-re-ta) = That building was designed by a famous architect. ("That building, regarding it, a famous architect, by intermediary/assistance of them, it was designed.") ...を経営している (kei-ei-shi-te-i-ru) = I manage/am managing ... 建築中 (ken-chi-ku-chū) = under construction その家は建築中です。(so-no-ie-wa-ken-chi-ku-chū-de-su) = That house is under construction. 建築家 (ken-chi-ku-ka) = architect みんながパーティーに参加できるよう、日程を調整しなければならない。(min-na-ga-pā-tī-ni-san-ka-de-ki-ru-yō, ni-ttei-wo-chō-sei-shi-na-ke-re-ba-na-ra-nai) = We need to adjust the schedule so that everyone can attend the party. ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/39649467?&comment_id=39651487 === Skill 67 - Health_3 === Lesson 1[] 咳をしている (se-ki-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = I am coughing (“I am doing a cough.”) 今年の風邪は特に咳がひどい。(ko-to-shi-no-ka-ze-wa-to-ku-ni-se-ki-ga-hi-doi) = This year's cold comes with an especially terrible cough. 患者 (kan-ja) = hospital patient 医者の言葉は患者を安心させた。(i-sha-no-ko-to-ba-wa-kan-ja-wo-an-shin-sa-se-ta) = The doctor's words reassured the patient. ("The patient was re-assured by the doctor's words.") 効きます (ki-ki-ma-su) = I takes effect 効くはずだ (ki-ku-ha-zu-da) = it should take effect 薬が効いて熱が下がってきた。(tsu-ku-ri-ga-ki-i-te-ne-tsu-ga-sa-ga-tte-ki-ta) = The medicine is working and my fever has come down. 効かない (ki-ka-nai) = it does not take effect / it's not taking effect. 頭痛 (zu-tsū) = headache 頭痛がします。(zu-tsū-ga-shi-ma-su) = I have a headache. この薬が一番頭痛に効きます。(ko-no-ku-su-ri-ga-i-chi-ban-zu-tsū-ni-ki-ki-ma-su) = This medicine works the best for headaches. ひどい頭痛がする。(hi-doi-zu-tsū-ga-su-ru) = I have a terrible headache. Lesson 2[] くしゃみをします (ku-sha-mi-wo-shi-ma-su) = I sneeze (‘I do a sneeze.’) 彼は大きなくしゃみをした。(ka-re-wa-ou-ki-na-ku-sha-mi-wo-shi-ma-su) = He sneezed loudly. (‘He did a big sneeze.’) くしゃみをする時は口を覆いなさい。(ku-sha-mi-wo-su-ru-to-ki-wa-ku-chi-wo-ou-i-na-sai) = Cover your mouth when you sneeze. ("Cover your mouth at sneezing time.") 患者は咳をしたりくしゃみをしたりしていた。(kan-ja-wa-se-ki-wo-shi-ta-ri-ku-sha-mi-wo-shi-ta-ri-shi-te-i-ta) = The patient was coughing and sneezing. 傷 (ki-zu) = injury 痛む (i-ta-mu) = to have pain 歩くと痛みます。(a-ru-ku-to-i-ta-mi-ma-su) = I hurts when I walk. ("With walking, I have pain.") 睡眠薬 (sui-min-ya-ku) = sleeping pills 睡眠薬がないと眠れない。(sui-min-ya-ku-ga-nai-to-ne-mu-re-nai) = I cannot sleep without sleeping pills. 睡眠 (sui-min) = the act of sleep 夕べは十分睡眠を取りました。(yū-be-wa-sui-min-wo-to-ri-ma-shi-ta) = I got enough sleep last night. (‘I took enough sleep ... .’) 体温 (tai-on) = body temperature ("body heat") 目を覚ました (me-wo-sa-ma-shi-ta) = I woke up 目を覚ましなさい。(me-wo-sa-ma-shi-na-sai) = Wake up. Lesson 3[] 舌 (shi-ta) = tongue 舌を噛んだ。(shi-ta-wo-kan-da) = I bit my tongue. がん (gan) = cancer 妊娠している (nin-shin-shi-te-i-ru) = I am pregnant 妊娠おめでとう！(nin-shin-o-me-de-tō) = Congratulations on your pregnancy! 熱いお茶で舌をやけどしてしまった。(a-tsui-och-cha-de-shi-ta-wo-ya-ke-do-shi-te-shi-ma-tta) = I ended up burning my tongue on the hot tea. お風呂のお湯はやけどするほど熱かったです。(o-fu-ro-no-o-yu-wa-ya-ke-do-su-ru-ho-do-a-tsu-ka-tta-de-su) = The water in the bathtub was scalding hot. ("The hot water was so hot that it burns.") Lesson 4[] 肺 (hai) = lung 肌 (ha-da) = skin 彼は肌が弱い。(ka-re-wa-ha-da-ga-yo-wai) = He has sensitive skin. 私は彼とは肌が合わない。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ka-re-to-wa-ha-da-ga-a-wa-nai) = I do not get along with him. ("My skin does not match his." 😲✌🏻🤞🏾) 手首 (te-ku-bi) = wrist 転んで手首を痛めた。(ko-ron-de-te-ku-bi-wo-i-ta-me-ta) = I fell and hurt my wrist. 手術 (shu-ju-tsu) = surgery ("hand art" 🤯) 手術中 (shu-ju-tsu-chū) = in the midst of a surgery 肘を痛めた (hi-ji-wo-i-ta-me-ta) = I injured my elbow Lesson 5[] 車椅子 (ku-ru-ma-i-su) = wheelchair (‘car chair’) 回復 / ご回復 (kai-fu-ku / go-kai-fu-ku) = recovery 回復した (kai-fu-ku-shi-ta) = I recovered (‘I did recovery.’) 彼女は回復が早いでしょう。(ka-no-jo-wa-kai-fu-ku-ga-ha-yai-de-shō) = She will recover soon. ("Her recovery will probably be early.") ...に使われる (...-ni-tsu-ka-wa-re-ru) = it is used by ... ...に使われた (...-ni-tsu-ka-wa-re-ta) = it was used by ... 食べすぎて腹が痛い。(ta-be-su-gi-te-ha-ra-ga-i-tai) = I ate too much and my stomach hurts. 教授は車椅子を使いますが、人の心が読めます。(kyō-ju-wa-ku-ru-ma-i-su-wo-tsu-kai-ma-su-ga-hi-to-no-ko-ko-ro-ga-yo-me-ma-su) = The professor uses a wheelchair, but he can read people's minds. 肉の代わりに豆腐がよく使われる。(ni-ku-no-ka-wa-ri-ni-tō-fu-ga-yo-ku-tsu-ka-wa-re-ru) = Tofu is often used instead of meat. Lesson 6[] ストレス (su-to-re-su) = stress ストレスがたまっています。(su-to-re-su-ga-ta-ma-tte-i-ma-su) = Stress is piling up. みんなストレスを受けている。(mi-nna-su-to-re-su-wo-u-ke-te-i-ru) = Everyone is under stress. ("Everyone is receiving stress.") お尻 / 尻 (o-shi-ri / shi-ri) = butt / bottom (the use of お is preferred in private parts, otherwise it becomes a slur) 健太は僕の方へ尻を向けて座りました。(ken-ta-wa-bo-ku-no-hō-e-shi-ri-wo-mu-ke-te-su-wa-ri-ma-shi-ta) = Kenta sat with his butt facing towards me. ("Kenta, his butt faced my direction and he sat.") 消化 (shō-ka) = digestion / the act of digesting その食べ物は消化しにくい。(so-no-ta-be-mo-no-wa-shō-ka-shi-ni-kui) = That food is hard to digest. 味噌汁は消化しやすい。(mi-so-shi-ru-wa-shō-ka-shi-ya-sui) = Miso soup is easy to digest. 食中毒 (sho-ku-chū-do-ku) = food poisoning 食中毒で学校を一週間休んだ。(sho-ku-chū-do-ku-de-ga-kkō-wo-i-sshū-kan-ya-sun-da) = I was absent from school for one week because of food poisoning. 中毒 (chū-do-ku) = addict ("poisoned"?) 彼はテレビ中毒です。(ka-re-wa-te-re-bi-chū-do-ku-de-su) = He is a television addict. 中止すること (chū-shi-su-ru-ko-to) = the act of cancelling ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnAL5ugY_dk === Skill 68 - The_Gym === Lesson 1[] 汗 (a-se) = sweat / perspiration (Don't confuse with 汁 [shi-ru] = soup / stew!) 汗をかいています。(a-se-wo-kai-te-i-ma-su) = I am sweating. 彼は暑くなって汗をかき始めた。(ka-re-wa-sho-ku-na-tte-a-se-wo-ka-ki-ha-ji-me-ta) = He got hot and started to sweat. 頭をかいた (a-ta-ma-wo-kai-ta) = I scratched my head 体育の授業 (tai-i-ku-no-ju-gyō) = PE class 体育館 (tai-i-ku-kan) = gymnasium 筋肉 (kin-ni-ku) = muscle 運動は筋肉を鍛える。(un-dō-wa-kin-ni-ku-wo-ki-ta-e-ru) = Exercise trains the muscles. Lesson 2[] ダンベル (dam-be-ru) = dumbbell 体力 (tai-ryo-ku) = physical strength 彼は体力がない。(ka-re-wa-tai-ryo-ku-ga-nai) = He has no physical strength. ("For him, physical strength does not exist.") 彼は右手を伸ばした。(ka-re-wa-mi-gi-te-wo-no-ba-shi-ta) = He extended / stretched his right hand. 背を曲げた (se-wo-ma-ge-ta) = I bent my back 左腕を曲げられない。(hi-da-ri-u-de-wo-ma-ge-ra-re-nai) = I cannot bend my left arm. 痛みを和らげた (i-ta-mi-wo-ya-wa-ra-ge-ta) = it eased the pain この薬は痛みを和らげるためによく使われる。(ko-no-ku-su-ri-wa-i-ta-mi-wo-ya-wa-ra-ge-ru-ta-me-ni-yo-ku-tsu-ka-wa-re-ru) = This medicine often is used to relieve pain. ("This medicine, to be used often for the sake of easing pain." / "You should often use this medicine to ease pain.") この薬は筋肉痛を和らげる。(ko-no-ku-su-ri-wa-kin-ni-ku-tsū-wo-ya-wa-ra-ge-ru) = This medicine relieves muscle pain. この重いダンベルを持ち上げて。(ko-no-o-mo-i-dan-be-ru-wo-mo-chi-a-ge-te) = Lift up these heavy dumbbells. ...を持ち上げられない (...-wo-mo-chi-a-ge-ra-re-nai) = I cannot lift ... Lesson 3[] ペース (pē-su) = pace ペースを上げて。(pē-su-wo-a-ge-te) = Increase the pace. 筋トレ (kin-to-re) = ( muscle / strength / weight ) training ジョギング (jo-gin-gu) = jogging 休憩しなさい (kyū-kei-shi-na-sai) = take a rest 休憩しましょう (kyū-kei-shi-ma-shō) = let's take a rest 定期的に (tei-ki-te-ki-ni) = regularly 定期的にジョギングしますか？(tei-ki-te-ki-ni-jo-gin-gu-shi-ma-su-ka) = Do you jog regularly? ここには定期的に来ているのですか？(ko-ko-ni-wa-tei-ki-te-ki-ni-ki-te-i-ru-no-de-su-ka) = Do you come here regularly? ...に合わせる (...-ni-a-wa-se-ru) = to adapt to ... 自分のペースに合わせて。(ji-bun-no-pē-su-ni-a-wa-se-te) = Go at your own pace. Lesson 4[] 息ができない。(i-ki-ga-de-ki-nai) = I can't breathe. [Reminder: 息子 is 'son' / mu-su-ko] 息を吸って。(i-ki-wo-su-tte) = Breathe in. 息を深く吸って。(i-ki-wo-fu-ka-ku-su-tte) = Take a deep breath. 体格 (tai-ka-ku) = physique / body type あなたの彼氏は立派な体格をしている。(a-na-ta-no-ka-re-shi-wa-ri-ppa-na-tai-ka-ku-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = Your boyfriend has an amazing physique. ("Your boyfriend does an amazing physique.") 姿勢 (shi-sei) = posture それ以上 ... なくなった。(so-re-i-jō-...-na-ku-na-tta) = could not ... any longer それ以上その姿勢を続けられなくなった。(so-re-i-jō-so-no-shi-sei-wo-tsu-zu-ke-ra-re-na-ku-na-tta) = I could not keep that posture any longer. 腹筋 (fu-kkin) = abs / abdominal muscles 腹筋運動 (fu-kkin-un-dō) = sit-ups 家からここまでずっと走ってきた。(i-e-ka-ra-ko-ko-ma-de-zu-tto-ha-shi-tte-ki-ta) = I came running all the way here from home.　　　　　　 走ってきた　....come　runing　　はしって＋　てはいけません　　　＋できます 廊下を走ってはいけません。(rō-ka-wo-ha-shi-tte-wa-i-ke-ma-sen) = You must not run in the hallway. そんなに速く走られないよ。(son-na-ni-ha-ya-ku-ha-shi-ra-re-nai-yo) = I cannot run that fast. Lesson 5[] 裸 (ha-da-ka) = naked / nude 汗が出てきました。(a-se-ga-de-te-ki-ma-shi-ta) = I am starting to sweat. たくましい男は更衣室から裸で出てきた。(ta-ku-ma-shī-o-to-ko-wa-kō-i-shi-tsu-ka-ra-ha-da-ka-de-de-te-ki-ta) = A strapping man came out naked from the locker room. (also, "a well-built man") お湯が出ないんですが。(o-yu-ga-de-na-in-de-su-ga) = The hot water will not come out. 着替え (ki-ga-e) = a change of clothes 着替えを持ってくるのを忘れた。(ki-ga-e-wo-mo-tte-ku-ru-no-wo-wa-su-re-ta) = I forgot to bring a change of clothes. 着替えてください。(ki-ga-e-te-ku-da-sai) = Please get dressed. 更衣室 (kō-i-shi-tsu) = changing room 着替えは更衣室でどうぞ。(ki-ga-e-wa-kō-i-shi-tsu-de-dō-zo) = Please change your clothes in the changing room 姉は更衣室から出ていった。(a-ne-wa-kō-i-shi-tsu-ka-ra-de-te-i-tta) = My older sister left the changing room. 更衣室でシャツを脱いだ。(kō-i-shi-tsu-de-sha-tsu-wo-nu-i-da) = I took off my shirt in the changing room. 彼は帽子を脱いでテーブルの上に置いた。(ka-re-wa-bō-shi-wo-nu-i-de-tē-bu-ru-no-u-e-ni-o-i-ta) = He took off his hat and laid it on the table. たくましい (ta-ku-ma-shī) = muscular 夫はたくましい腕をしている。(o-tto-wa-ta-ku-ma-shī-u-de-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = My husband has muscular arms. ("My husband does muscular arms.") Lesson 6[] 腕立て伏せ (u-de-ta-te-fu-se) = push-up / push-ups 彼は毎朝腕立て伏せを二十回やる。(ka-re-wa-mai-a-sa-u-de-ta-te-fu-se-wo-ni-jū-kai-ya-ru) = He does twenty push ups every morning. ("He plays 20 push-ups every morning.") 胸筋 (mu-na-kin) = chest muscles 強化する / 強くする (kyō-ka-su-ru / tsu-yo-ku-su-ru) = to strengthen 上腕二頭筋 (jō-wan-ni-tō-kin) = biceps タンパク質 (tam-pa-ku-shi-tsu) = protein 彼はタンパク質を豆から得る。(ka-re-wa-tan-pa-ku-shi-tsu-wo-ma-me-ka-ra-e-ru) = He gets protein from beans. 見せびらかし (mi-se-bi-ra-ka-shi) = the act of showing off 見せびらかしはやめて！(mi-se-bi-ra-ka-shi-wa-ya-me-te) = Stop showing off! 彼は裸の体を見せびらかすのが好きだ。(ka-re-wa-ha-da-ka-no-ka-ra-da-wo-mi-se-bi-ra-ka-su-no-ga-su-ki-da) = He likes to show off his naked body. === Skill 69 - Fantasy_1 === Lesson 1[] 王 (ō) = king [Note: 遊☆戯☆王 means Game King (The King of Games!)] 王様 (ō-sa-ma) = the king 国王 (ko-ku-ō) = the king 女王 (jō-ō / jō?) = queen ("female king") 王女 (ō-jo) = princess ("king-ish lady / royal lady") 王子 (ō-ji) = prince ("king-ish boy / royal boy") 不思議な (fu-shi-gi-na) = weird / strange / mysterious Lesson 2[] 杖 (tsu-e) = wand 勇気 (yũ-ki) = bravery 魔法使い (ma-hō-tsu-kai) = wizard / sorcerer (“user of the devil law / of the devil method”) 魔女 (ma-jo) = witch (“devil lady”) 要る (i-ru) = to need 杖は要らない。(tsu-e-wa-i-ra-nai) = I don't need a wand. 君は剣と盾が要る。(ki-mi-wa-ken-to-ta-te-ga-i-ru) = You need a sword and a shield. [Instead of ...が要 る, it is more common to use 必 要 がある. See martin.mk[3]'s comment.] 魔女は杖が要るの？ (ma-jo-wa-tsu-e-ga-i-ru-no) = Do witches need wands? 君は勇気がある。(ki-mi-wa-yũ-ki-ga-a-ru) = You are brave. (“You have bravery.”) 兵士たちは戦う勇気をなくした。(hei-shi-ta-chi-wa-ta-ta-ka-u-yũ-ki-wo-na-ku-shi-ta) = The soldiers lost the courage to fight. (“Soldiers lost fight bravery.”) Lesson 3[] 城 (shi-ro) = castle 動く城 (u-go-ku-shi-ro) = a moving castle 勇者 (yũ-sha) = hero 時の勇者は戦いに勝った。(to-ki-no-yũ-sha-wa-ta-ta-kai-ni-ka-tta) = The Hero of Time won the battle. (“...won at the battle / fight.”) 魔法 (ma-hō) = magic 魔法が使えたらいいのに。(ma-hō-ga-tsu-ka-e-ta-ra-ī-no-ni) = I wish I could use magic. 人生がときめく片づけの魔法 (jin-sei-ga-to-ki-me-ku-ka-ta-zu-ke-no-ma-hō) = The Life-Invigorating Magic of Tidying Up 姫 (hi-me) = princess お姫様 (o-hi-me-sa-ma) = princess (polite) ゼルダ姫は平和を祈った。(ze-ru-da-hi-me-wa-hei-wa-wo-i-no-tta) = Princess Zelda prayed for peace. 娘はいつもお姫様気分だ。(mu-su-me-wa-i-tsu-mo-o-hi-me-sa-ma-ki-bun-da) = My daughter always has the attitude of a princess. (“As for my daughter, the attitude of a princess.” / “My daughter, regarding her, the attitude of a princess.”) 姫はオオカミに育てられた。(hi-me-wa-ō-ka-mi-ni-so-da-te-ra-re-ta) = The princess was raised by wolves. 妖精 (yō-sei) = fairy 瓶には妖精が入っている。(bin-ni-wa-you-sei-ga-hai-tte-i-ru) = There's a fairy inside the bottle. 大妖精 (dai-you-sei) = the Great Fairy 勇者は大妖精に剣と盾をもらった。(yũ-sha-wa-tai-yō-sei-ni-ken-to-ta-te-wo-mo-ra-tta) = The hero received a sword and a shield from the Great Fairy. ("...received at the Great Fairy.") Lesson 4[] 幽霊 (yũ-rei) = ghost 幽霊がいる (yũ-rei-ga-i-ru) = it is haunted あの家には幽霊が出るそうだ。(a-no-i-e-ni-wa-yũ-rei-ga-de-ru-sō-da) = People say that that house is haunted. お化けジャガイモ (o-ba-ke-ja-gai-mo) = monstrous (a.k.a. big) potato お化け (o-ba-ke) = shapeshifters (also monsters, spirits, etc.. . Duolingo also accepts Ghosts and Apparitions.) 妖怪 (yō-kai) = monster (also, “Yōkai”, which is a technical term in Japanese demonic mythology. Duolingo accepts supernatural being.) お化けは妖怪です。(o-ba-ke-wa-yō-kai-de-su) = Shapeshifters are Yōkai. お化けは妖怪の一種だ。(o-ba-ke-wa-yō-kai-no-i-sshu-da) = Shapeshifters are a kind of Yōkai. 不気味 (bu-ki-mi) = ominous / spooky / eerie Lesson 5[] 鬼 (o-ni) = demon / ogre 鬼は外！(o-ni-wa-so-to) = Demons, go out! 竜 (ryũ) = dragon 河童 (ka-ppa) = water demon / river goblin ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/45085337?comment_id=48407841 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/34379726?comment_id=37391392 === Skill 70 - Tech_1 === Lesson 1[] 電子 (den-shi) = electronic 電子辞書を持っているの？(den-shi-ji-sho-wo-mo-tte-i-ru-no) = Do you have an electronic dictionary? ("The act of having an electronic dictionary?", "[Is it] the act of having an electronic dictionary?", "[Is] the act [...] [true]?") 機械 (ki-kai) = machine これは普通の機械ではない。(ko-re-wa-fu-tsū-no-ki-kai-de-wa-nai) = This is not an ordinary machine. ロボット (ro-bo-tto) = robot エアコン (e-a-kon) = aircon / air conditioner ...を壊した (...-wo-ko-wa-shi-ta) = I broke ... 壊れたエアコン (ko-wa-re-ta-e-a-kon) = the broken aircon 壊れたエアコンを直してください。(ko-wa-re-ta-e-a-kon-wo-na-o-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please fix the broken air conditioner. 自分の電子辞書を壊した。(ji-bun-no-den-shi-ji-sho-wo-ko-wa-shi-ta) = I broke my electronic dictionary. ("The self's electronic dictionary, the self has broken.") ...を壊さなかった (...-wo-ko-wa-sa-na-ka-tta) = I did not break ... 僕はその機械を壊さなかった。(bo-ku-wa-so-no-ki-kai-wo-ko-wa-sa-na-ka-tta) = I did not break that machine. 携帯を壊しちゃった。(kei-tai-wo-ko-wa-shi-cha-tta) = I ended up breaking my cell phone. 彼が機械を壊したのか？(ka-re-ga-ki-kai-wo-ko-wa-shi-ta-no-ka) = Did he break the machine? 自動 (ji-dō) = automation 自動ドア (ji-dō-do-a) = automatic door / ("automation door") 自動的に (ji-dō-te-ki-ni) = automatically 機械は自動的に動く。(ki-kai-wa-ji-dō-te-ki-ni-u-go-ku) = The machine moves automatically. 客が近づくとそのドアは自動的に開く。(kya-ku-ga-chi-ka-zu-ku-to-so-no-do-a-wa-ji-dō-te-ki-ni-a-ku) = That door opens automatically when a customer approaches. [Review:] 仏教は韓国から日本へ渡ってきた。(bu-kkyō-wa-kan-ko-ku-ka-ra-ni-hon-e-wa-ta-tte-ki-ta) = Buddhism was brought to Japan from Korea. Lesson 2[] 電波 (dem-pa) = signal ("electric wave"—not false, since a signal is an electro-magnetic wave) ここに電波があるの？(ko-ko-ni-dem-pa-ga-a-ru-no) = Is there a signal here? 音量 (on-ryō) = volume (of a sound) 音量を下げましょうか？(on-ryō-wo-sa-ge-ma-shō-ka) = Should I turn down the volume? 便 (ben) = convenient 不便 (fu-ben) = inconvenient ('不' means 'not / un-') スマホがないのは不便なことだ。(su-ma-ho-ga-nai-no-wa-fu-ben-na-ko-to-da) = Not having a smartphone is an inconvenience. 洗濯機 (sen-ta-ku-ki) = washing machine 利用法 (ri-you-hō) = the use / a use ...を利用します (...-wo-ri-yō-shi-ma-su) = I use ... 勉強するのに図書館を利用します。(ben-kyō-su-ru-no-ni-to-sho-kan-wo-ri-you-shi-ma-su) = I use the library to study. 自動販売機 (ji-dō-ham-bai-ki) = automatic vending machine 私の町には自動販売機が二台あります。(wa-ta-shi-no-ma-chi-ni-wa-ji-dō-han-bai-ki-ga-ni-dai-a-ri-ma-su) = There are two vending machines in my town. Lesson 3[] ラジオ (ra-ji-o) = radio 技術 (gi-ju-tsu) = skill 技術者 (gi-ju-tsu-sha) = engineer / technician (“practitioner/adept of engineering”; also “person who practises a skill as a job”) 水泳は大変役に立つ技術です。(sui-ei-wa-tai-hen-ya-ku-ni-ta-tsu-gi-ju-tsu-de-su) = Swimming is a very useful skill. ... を作成した / しました (...-wo-sa-ku-sei-shi-ta / shi-ma-shi-ta) = I drafted ... (a.k.a. made a rough version) 現代 (gen-dai) = modern / the modern period この病気は現代の医学では治せない。(ko-no-byō-ki-wa-gen-dai-no-i-ga-ku-de-wa-na-o-se-nai) = This disease cannot be cured by modern medical science. インターネット / ネット (in-tā-ne-tto) = internet / net ネットで日本料理のレストランを調べてみた。(ne-tto-de-ni-hon-ryō-ri-no-re-su-to-ran-wo-shi-ra-be-te-mi-ta) = I tried researching Japanese restaurants on the internet. 現代の生活は電気のおかげです。(gen-dai-no-sei-ka-tsu-wa-den-ki-no-o-ka-ge-de-su) = Modern life is possible thanks to electricity. ("Modern lifestyle is the favour of electricity.") Lesson 4[] 画像 (ga-zō) = image [an electronic image[1]] 画像をクリックしてください。(ga-zō-wo-ku-ri-kku-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please click on the image. テレビの画像がはっきりしない。(te-re-bi-no-ga-zō-ga-ha-kki-ri-shi-nai) = The image on the television is blurry. ("...image is doing clearly.") ビデオゲームは日本では非常に人気がある。(bi-de-o-gē-mu-wa-ni-hon-de-wa-hi-jō-ni-nin-ki-ga-a-ru) = Video games are extremely popular in Japan. ("At Japan, there is a popularity ad extremis concerning video games.") ボタンをクリックしないでください。(bo-tan-wo-ku-ri-kku-shi-nai-de-ku-da-sai) = Please don't click on the button. 映った (u-tsu-tta) = it was projected 映っていた (u-tsu-tte-i-ta) = it was reflected 窓のガラスに彼女の顔が映っていた。(ma-do-no-ga-ra-su-ni-ka-no-jo-no-ka-o-ga-u-tsu-tte-i-ta) = Her face was reflected in the window glass. 画面 (ga-men) = screen テレビ画面に津波の様子が映っていた。(te-re-bi-ga-men-ni-tsu-na-mi-no-you-su-ga-u-tsu-tte-i-ta) = The scene of the tsunami was shown on the television screen. 鮮明 (sem-mei) = vivid / sharp / crisp 画面は鮮明だ。(ga-men-wa-sen-mei-da) = The screen is sharp. 初めて彼女に会った日のことを鮮明に思い出すことができる。(ha-ji-me-te-ka-no-jo-ni-a-tta-hi-no-ko-to-wo-sen-mei-ni-o-moi-da-su-ko-to-ga-de-ki-ru) = I can vividly remember the day I first met her. 美しい絵が画面に映った。(u-tsu-ku-shi-i-e-ga-ga-men-ni-u-tsu-tta) = A beautiful picture was projected on the screen. Lesson 5[] 印刷 (in-sa-tsu) = the act of printing この書類は印刷が悪い。(ko-no-sho-rui-wa-in-sa-tsu-ga-wa-rui) = This document is poorly printed. ("For this document, the act of printing was poor.") 新しく印刷された新聞はいいにおいがする。(a-ta-ra-shi-ku-in-sa-tsu-sa-re-ta-shim-bun-wa-ī-ni-oi-ga-su-ru) = Newly printed newspapers smell good. 電池 (den-chi) = battery 電池を充電するのに三時間かかります。(den-chi-wo-jū-den-su-ru-no-ni-san-ji-kan-ka-ka-ri-ma-su) = It takes three hours to charge the battery. ("At charging the battery it takes 3 hours.") 夢中 (mu-chū) = crazy (as in 'intensely passionate') ("inside of dream" 😵) あなたに夢中です。(a-na-ta-ni-mu-chu-u-de-su) = I am crazy about you. 充電した (jū-den-shi-ta) = I charged / power-refilled 携帯電話を充電した。(kei-tai-den-wa-wo-jū-den-shi-ta) = I charged my cell phone. Lesson 6[] ...を調節した (...-wo-chō-se-tsu-shi-ta) = I adjusted ... このカメラは自動調節です。(ko-no-ka-me-ra-wa-ji-dō-chō-se-tsu-de-su) = This camera adjusts automatically. ("As for this camera, automatic adjustment.") [In Photography, a camera needs to adjust its internal mechanics for color and light depending on the scene.] ラジオの音量を調節した。(ra-ji-o-no-on-ryō-wo-chō-se-tsu-shi-ta) = I adjusted the volume of the radio. ...を削除した (...-wo-sa-ku-jo-shi-ta) = I deleted ... 電球 (den-kyū) = light bulb 電球が切れた。(den-kyū-ga-ki-re-ta) = The light bulb has burned out. ("The light bulb has expired.") ...が故障している (...-ga-ko-shō-shi-te-i-ru) = ... is out of order テレビが故障している。(te-re-bi-ga-ko-shō-shi-te-i-ru) = The television is out of order. 自撮り (ji-do-ri) = selfie 自撮りをしよう！(ji-do-ri-wo-shi-yō) = Let 's take a selfie! Lesson 7[] 掃除機 (sō-ji-ki) = vacuum cleaner 携帯電話の電源を切ってください。(kei-tai-den-wa-no-den-gen-wo-ki-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please switch off your cell phone. ("Please cut your cell phone's power.") 掃除機の電源を入れてください。(sō-ji-ki-no-den-gen-wo-i-re-te-ku-da-sai) = Please switch on the vacuum cleaner. コンセント (kon-sen-to) = power outlet ("concentric plug socket") つなぐ (tsu-na-gu) = the act of connecting パソコンをインターネットにつなぐにはどうすればいいんですか？(pa-so-kon-wo-in-taa-ne-tto-ni-tsu-na-gu-ni-wa-dō-su-re-ba-i-in-de-su-ka) = How can I connect my computer to the internet. ("How do I do towards the act of connecting my computer to the internet.") 手をつないで歩こう。(te-wo-tsu-nai-de-a-ru-kō) = Let's walk hand in hand. おつなぎします。(o-tsu-na-gi-shi-ma-su) = I will connect you. ...につながっている (tsu-na-ga-tte-i-ru) = I am connected to ... スマホはネットにつながっている。(su-ma-ho-ha-ne-tto-ni-tsu-na-ga-tte-i-ru) = My smartphone is connected to the internet. やっと電話が彼につながった。(ya-tto-den-wa-ga-ka-re-ni-tsu-na-ga-tta) = My phone finally connected to him. ...に差し込んだ / 差し込みました (...-ni-sa-shi-kon-da / sa-shi-ko-mi-ma-shi-ta) = I plugged into ... ...を...に差し込んでください。(...-wo-...-ni-sa-shi-kon-de-ku-da-sai) = Please plug ... into ... 掃除機をコンセントに差し込んだ。(sō-ji-ki-wo-kon-sen-to-ni-sa-shi-kon-da) = I plugged the vacuum cleaner into the outlet. ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38856232?&comment_id=39661890 === Skill 71 - The_Clinic === Lesson 1[] 処方箋 = prescription ふらふら = dizzily 睡眠不足で頭がふらふらします。= My head feels dizzy due to lack of sleep. * 歩くとふらふらします。= I get dizzy when I walk. * * 体調 = health 体調はどうですか？= How is your health? * 症状 = symptoms 風邪の症状がある。= I have the symptoms of a cold. * 薬局 = pharmacy 薬局にこの処方箋を持っていってください。= Please take this prescription to the pharmacy. * * この症状なら入院の必要はない。= There is no need for hospitalization for these symptoms. * しょうじょう 体調管理に気をつけている。= I am careful to maintain my health. * * 処方箋をもらうために医者に行かなきゃ。= I have to go to the doctor to get a prescription. * Lesson 2[] 治療 = treatment 脚 = leg マスク = face mask マスクをしてください。= Please wear a face mask. * 診察 = examination 医者が患者の診察で忙しかった。= The doctor was busy examining patients. * マスクを取ってください。= Please remove your face mask. * * 効果 = effect, impact この薬は頭痛に効果がある。= This medicine is effective on headaches. * 宣伝は大変な効果があった。= The advertisement had a great impact. *　せんでんはたいへんなこうかがあった 虫歯を治療してもらった。= I got treatment for my bad tooth. * * 医者は患者を診察した。= The doctor examined the patient. * 脚が痛い。= My legs are sore. * 医者が患者の診察で忙しかったです。= The doctor was busy examining patients. * 脚が痛いです。= My legs are sore. * 脚がまだ痛みます。= My legs still hurt. * 治療法 = cure この病気の治療法はまだ見つかっていない。= The cure for this disease has not yet been found. * あのウェブサイトでの広告は効果がある。= Advertising on that website pays off. * Lesson 3[] 細菌 = bacterium, bacteria ウイルス = virus 流行 = going around インフルエンザ = the flu, influenza インフルエンザが流行している。= The flu is going around. * 感染 = infection 私のパソコンはウイルスに感染している。= My computer is infected with a virus. * その牛乳は細菌に汚染されている。= That milk is contaminated with bacteria. * 診断 = health checkup, diagnosis 私たちは健康診断を受けた。= We underwent health checkups. * * この病気は感染しません。= This disease is not infectious. * 風邪が流行している。= A cold is going around. * * インフルエンザは細菌じゃなくて、ウイルスだ。= Influenza is not a bacterium, but a virus. * * 娘はインフルエンザと診断された。= My daughter was diagnosed with influenza. * 感染者 = infected person 感染者が出た。= An infected person has been discovered. * * 診断書 = medical certificate 診断書を書いていただけますか？= Could you please write up a medical certificate? * Lesson 4[] 吐き = throwing up [incomplete word?] 腰 = lower back 凝り = getting stiff 腰が痛い。= My lower back hurts. * 凝って = being stiff 首が凝っている。= My neck is stiff. * しびれ = numbness しびれて = being numb 手がしびれています。= My hand is numb. * * しびれた = went numb 足がしびれた。= My foot went numb. * 腰を伸ばしなさい。= Stretch out your lower back. * * 吐いて = throwing up 吐いてばかりいます。= I have been continuously throwing up. * * 脚が凝っている。= My legs are stiff. * 吐きそうです。= I feel like throwing up. * Lesson 5[] 胃 = stomach 血圧 = blood pressure 皮膚 = skin　ひふ 皮膚が弱い。= I have delicate skin. * にきび = pimples 顔に一面ににきびができている。= He has pimples all over his face. * 彼は皮膚が弱い。= He has delicate skin. * この薬を飲めば血圧が下がりますか？= Will my blood pressure go down if I take this medicine? * 食べ物は胃の中で消化される。= Food is digested inside the stomach. * 兄は顔ににきびができた。= My big brother got pimples on his face. * 病院で血圧を測ってもらった。= I got my blood pressure taken at the hospital. * 父は血圧が高いです。= My father has high blood pressure. * 胃が変な感じがする。= My stomach feels weird. * 顔にいっぱいにきびができた。= I got pimples all over my face. * 食べすぎて胃の調子が悪いです。= I ate too much and my stomach is upset. * 皮膚病 = skin condition　ひふ　びょう 皮膚病 = skin condition　ひふ　びょう ほとんどの若者に皮膚病が出る。= Skin conditions show up in most young people. * === Skill 72 - The_Train === (verb)者 = person who presently is doing (verb) (verb)者 = person who does (verb) as a job or hobby, that is, who does (verb) in general (noun representing an action)者 = person who presently is doing the (action) (noun representing an action)者 = person who does the (action) as a job or hobby, that is, who does the (action) in general (noun representing a field of expertise)者 = practitioner of the (field) / adept of the (field) (noun representing a political or life philosophy)者 = adherent of the (philosophy) (noun)者 = person of (noun) (verb)者 = person who is afflicted by the condition of (verb) Lesson 1[] 下さい (ku-da-sai) = please 閉まるドアにご注意下さい。(shi-ma-ru-do-a-ni-go-chū-i-ku-da-sai) = Please mind the closing doors. 化粧室 (ke-shō-shi-tsu) = restroom お足元 / 足元 (o-a-shi-mo-to / a-shi-mo-to) = footstep 足元に気をつけて。(a-shi-mo-to-ni-ki-wo-tsu-ke-te) = Mind your step. 足元に注意して下さい。(a-shi-mo-to-ni-chū-i-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please mind your step. ご乗車 / 乗車ありがとうございます。(go-jō-sha / jō-sha-a-ri-ga-tō-go-zai-ma-su) = Thank you very much for riding. 閉まる (shi-ma-ru) = to close 駆け込み乗車は危険です。(ka-ke-ko-mi-jou-sha-wa-ki-ken-de-su) = Rushing onto the train is dangerous. 駆け込み乗車はおやめ下さい。(ka-ke-ko-mi-jō-sha-wa-o-ya-me-ku-da-sai) = Please refrain from rushing onto the train. Lesson 2[] 駅前の本屋は八時に閉まる。(e-ki-ma-e-no-hon-ya-wa-ha-chi-ji-ni-shi-ma-ru) = The bookstore in front of the station closes at eight o'clock. 付近 (fu-kin) = area この付近に駅はありますか？(ko-no-fu-kin-ni-e-ki-wa-a-ri-ma-su-ka) = In this area, is there a train station? 特急 (to-kkyū) = limited express (train) 快速 (kai-so-ku) = rapid-express 新宿で特急に乗り換えた。(shin-ju-ku-de-to-kkyū-ni-no-ri-ka-e-ta) = I transferred to a limited express train at Shinjuku. A は B に優先する (A -wa- B -ni-yū-sen-su-ru) = A takes priority over B 消防車は他の車両に優先する。(shō-bō-sha-wa-ho-ka-no-sha-ryō-ni-yū-sen-su-ru) = Fire engines take priority over other vehicles. お年寄りは他の人より優先されるべきです。(o-to-shi-yo-ri-wa-ho-ka-no-hi-to-yo-ri-yū-sen-sa-re-ru-be-ki-de-su) = The elderly should be prioritized over other people. 優先席 (yū-sen-se-ki) = priority seating 優先席付近では携帯電話の電源を切ってください。(yū-sen-se-ki-fu-kin-de-wa-kei-tai-den-wa-no-den-gen-wo-se-ki-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please switch off your cell phone around the priority seats. タクシー乗り場 (ta-ku-shī-no-ri-ba) = taxi stand Lesson 3[] 片道 (ka-ta-mi-chi) = one-way 京都までの片道切符をください。(kyō-to-ma-de-no-ka-ta-mi-chi-ki-ppu-wo-ku-da-sai) = A one-way ticket to Kyoto please. ...を精算したい (...-wo-sei-san-shi-tai) = I want to settle ... 勘定を精算したいんですが。(kan-jō-wo-sei-san-shi-ta-in-de-su-ga) = I would like to settle my account. 車掌 (sha-shō) = bus / train conductor 車掌が料金を集め始めた。(sha-shō-ga-ryō-kin-wo-a-tsu-me-ha-ji-me-ta) = The conductor started to collect the fares. 路線図 (ro-sen-zu) = the route map 地下鉄の路線図が欲しいんですが。(chi-ka-te-tsu-no-ro-sen-zu-ga-ho-shi-in-de-su-ga) = I would like a subway route map. ...乗り越した (no-ri-ko-shi-ta) = I rode past ... 新宿を二駅乗り越した。(shin-ju-ku-wo-ni-e-ki-no-ri-ko-shi-ta) = I rode two stations past Shinjuku. 乗り越してしまった。(no-ri-ko-shi-te-shi-ma-tta) = I ended up missing my stop. Lesson 4[] 往復 (ō-fu-ku) = round-trip (to-and-back itinerary) 広島までの往復切符を二枚ください。(hi-ro-shi-ma-ma-de-no-ō-fu-ku-ki-ppu-wo-ni-mai-ku-da-sa) = Two round trip tickets to Hiroshima please. 目的地 (mo-ku-te-ki-chi) = destination ("goal land") 通勤 (tsū-kin) = commute 通勤者 (tsū-kin-sha) = commuter 鉄道 (te-tsu-dō) = railway 直美は通勤に鉄道を利用している。(na-o-mi-wa-tsū-kin-ni-te-tsu-dō-wo-ri-you-shi-te-i-ru) = Naomi uses the train to get to work. ("Naomi uses the railway at commuting.") 運賃 (un-chin) = fare Lesson 5[] 州 (shū) = state (territory / area) ニューヨーク州 (nyū-yō-ku-shū) = New York State フロリダ州 (fu-ro-ri-da-shū) = Florida State 頃 (ko-ro) = days / times / periods (sort of "era" but for periods of much shorter durations) 学生の頃 (ga-ku-sei-no-ko-ro) = My student days ("days of student") 学生の頃はスポーツをよくやったが、もうやめてしまった。(ga-ku-sei-no-ko-ro-wa-su-pō-tsu-wo-yo-ku-ya-tta-ga-mō-ya-me-te-shi-ma-tta) = I played sports a lot when I was a student, but now I've stopped. 今頃 (i-ma-go-ro) = by now ("the times of now / these days") 関西旅行をしたのは去年のちょうど今頃だった。(kan-sai-ryo-kō-wo-shi-ta-no-wa-kyo-nen-no-chō-do-i-ma-go-ro-da-tta) = We had our Kansai trip last year at exactly this time. 関西 (kan-sai) = Kansai 今頃はもう彼らは関西に着いているに間違いない。(i-ma-go-ro-wa-mō-ka-re-ra-wa-kan-sai-ni-tsu-i-te-i-ru-ni-ma-chi-gai-nai) = They must have already arrived in Kansai by now. ("There is no mistaking that they have already arrived in Kansai by now") 九州 (kyū-shū) = Kyushu 新幹線で九州へ行った。(shin-kan-sen-de-kyū-shū-e-i-tta) = I went to Kyushu by bullet train. ("I went towards ...") 北部 (ho-ku-bu) = the northern part 彼は関西から九州北部へ旅行した。(ka-re-wa-kan-sai-ka-ra-kyū-shū-ho-ku-bu-e-ryo-kō-shi-ta) = He traveled from Kansai to northern Kyushu. ("He traveled from Kansai towards northern Kyushu.") 西部 (sei-bu) = the western part アメリカの西部 (a-me-ri-ka-no-sei-bu) = the western part of America 私たちはアメリカの西部を広く旅行した。(wa-ta-shi-ta-chi-wa-a-me-ri-ka-no-sei-bu-wo-hi-ro-ku-ryo-kō-shi-ta) = We traveled widely through the western United States. 南部 (nam-bu) = the southern part フロリダ州南部に嵐が近づいている。(fu-ro-ri-da-shū-nan-bu-ni-a-ra-shi-ga-chi-ka-zu-i-te-i-ru) = A storm is approaching southern Florida. ("...is approaching at Florida State southern part.") === Skill 73 - Work_4 === Lesson 1[] 雇われた (ya-to-wa-re-ta) = I was employed / hired. 彼女は通訳として雇われた。(ka-no-jo-wa-tsuu-ya-ku-to-shi-te-ya-to-wa-re-ta) = She was hired as an interpreter. (‘She, regarding which, language interpreter to be played as, she was hired.’) 雇われている (ya-to-wa-re-te-i-ru) = I am being employed この工場では千人以上が雇われている。(ko-no-kou-jou-de-wa-sen-hi-to-i-jou-ga-ya-to-wa-re-te-i-ru) = Over a thousand people are employed at this factory. (‘...are being employed.’) 条件 (jou-ken) = condition / requirement 一つ条件がある。(hi-to-tsu-jou-ken-ga-a-ru) = There is one condition. 報告書 (hou-ko-ku-sho) = report 今朝報告書のコピーを受け取った。(ke-sa-hou-ko-ku-sho-no-ko-pii-wo-u-ke-to-tta) = I received a copy of the report this morning. 報告 (hou-ko-ku) = report 最低 (sai-tei) = worst / minimum / lowest 今度の成績は最低だった。(kon-do-no-sei-se-ki-wa-sai-tei-da-tta) = My grade this time was the worst ever. (‘This time's grades were the worst.’) ...を満たす (...-wo-mi-ta-su) = I fulfill ... . ...を満たした (...-wo-mi-ta-shi-ta) = I fulfilled ... . 最低必要条件を満たした。(sai-tei-hi-tsu-you-jou-ken-wo-mi-ta-shi-ta) = It fulfilled the minimum necessary conditions. ...を満たしています (...-wo-mi-ta-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I am fulfilling ... . ...を満たしていない (...-wo-mi-ta-shi-te-i-nai) = I am not fulfilling ... . (満たしていない = 満たしていません) この報告は我々の出した条件を満たしていない。(ko-no-hou-ko-ku-wa-wa-re-wa-re-no-da-shi-ta-jou-ken-wo-mi-ta-shi-te-i-nai) = This report does not fulfill our designated requirements. (‘...does not fulfill our taken-out/pointed-out[4] requirements.’) 満たされた (mi-ta-sa-re-ta) = it was fulfilled 彼女の人生は完全に満たされた。(ka-no-jo-no-jin-sei-wa-kan-zen-ni-mi-ta-sa-re-ta) = Her life is perfectly fulfilled. (‘...was totally fulfilled.’) 形式的にこの報告は問題はない。(kei-shi-ki-te-ki-ni-ko-no-hou-ko-ku-wa-mon-dai-wa-nai) = Formally, there are no problems with this report. Lesson 2[] 職場 (sho-ku-ba) = workplace 職場から急いで家に帰った。(sho-ku-ba-ka-ra-i-soi-de-i-e-ni-ka-e-tta) = I returned home from my workplace in a hurry. (‘...returned at home.’) 近い (chi-kai) = (adj.) close ...に近い (...-ni-chi-kai) = close to ... Note: The whole expression is used as an adjective. For example, 職場に近い店 = a close-to-the-workplace shop. Or, a shop close to the workplace. Although in the second formulation ‘close to the workplace’ is not in English grammar an adjective, but only a more reasonable translation. 職場にもっと近いところに引っ越したい。(sho-ku-ba-ni-mo-tto-chi-kai-to-ko-ro-ni-hi-kko-shi-tai) = I want to move somewhere closer to my workplace. (‘More-close-to-the-workplace place, at which, I want to move to.’) 首 (ku-bi) = (adj.) fired / dismissed 君は首だ。(ki-mi-wa-ku-bi-da) = You're fired. (‘Your neck is cut off![5]’ ← ‘You are necked.’ ← ‘You are a neck.’) 遅刻した (chi-ko-ku-shi-ta) = I was late. もう一度遅刻したら首だぞ。(mou-i-chi-do-chi-ko-ku-shi-ta-ra-ku-bi-da-zo) = If you're late one more time, you're fired. (‘One more time if you be late, it is the neck, yo!’) また遅れたら、首になる。(ma-ta-o-ku-re-ta-ra-ku-bi-ni-na-ru) = If I am late again, I will get fired. Note: Contrary to 食べます being construed both as the present tense and the future tense, the previous exercise's「君は首だ。」is strictly the present tense. That is because it is not even the present tense at all, because in fact, です/だ have no tense. They indicate a timeless association. In「君は首だ。」you are timelessly associated with the lack of a job. But how do we convert です/だ to the future tense? We use になる. For example, 大丈夫です。= Everything is okay. But 大丈夫になる。= Everything will be okay. 選択 (sen-ta-ku) = choice [Not to confuse with 洗濯 (sen-ta-ku): the act of washing] 選択の自由がない。(sen-ta-ku-no-ji-yuu-ga-nai) = I have no freedom to choose. (‘I have no choice concerning the self.’) この中から自由に選択しなさい。(ko-no-na-ka-ka-ra-ji-yuu-ni-sen-ta-ku-shi-na-sai) = Choose any of these. (‘Do your choice in a personal manner from this middle (?).’; 自由に understood as 自由的に) 雇用 (ko-you) = employment 雇用条件がひどかった。(ko-you-jou-ken-ga-hi-do-ka-tta) = The employment conditions were terrible. [I think ひどかった has the meaning of ひどいだった] ...を雇用する (...-wo-ko-you-su-ru) = to employ ... 彼らは彼女を雇用するかどうかまだ決めていない。(ka-re-ra-wa-ka-no-jo-wo-ko-you-su-ru-ka-dou-ka-ma-da-ki-me-te-i-nai) = They still have not decided whether or not to employ her. Also understood as: 彼らは彼らは彼女を雇用するかどうかまだ決めていない。= They are still not deciding whether or not they will employ her. 彼が会社のお金を管理している。(ka-re-ga-kai-sha-no-o-ka-ne-wo-kan-ri-shi-te-i-ru) = He is managing the company's money. (‘It is him who's managing the company's money.’) 会議はさらに一時間続いた。(kai-gi-wa-sa-ra-ni-i-chi-ji-kan-tsu-zu-i-ta) = The meeting continued for another hour. 彼女は我が社での管理職の仕事を探している。(ka-no-jo-wa-wa-ga-sha-de-no-kan-ri-sho-ku-no-shi-go-to-wo-sa-ga-shi-te-i-ru) = She is looking for a managerial position at our company. Lesson 3[] 一割 (i-chi-wa-ri) = one tenth 利益は一割減少した。(ri-e-ki-wa-i-chi-wa-ri-gen-shou-shi-ta) = Profits fell by ten percent. (‘Profits decreased a tenth.’) 突然解雇された。(to-tsu-zen-kai-ko-sa-re-ta) = I was dismissed abruptly. [I was suddenly removed from my position or job[8].] 会議室 (kai-gi-shi-tsu) = conference room 使用 (shi-you) = a use / an act of using 会議室の使用許可を得ていますか？(kai-gi-shi-tsu-no-shi-you-kyo-ka-wo-e-te-i-ma-su-ka) = Have you gotten permission to use the conference room? (‘Conference room's use authorisation, the object, are you obtaining?’) 使用中 (shi-you-chuu) = in use (‘in the middle of use’) トイレは使用中です。(toi-re-wa-shi-you-chuu-de-su) = The restroom is in use. 予告 (yo-ko-ku) = notice なし = without ...なしに = without ... (‘without at ...’) 彼は予告なしに解雇された。(ka-re-wa-yo-ko-ku-na-shi-ni-kai-ko-sa-re-ta) = He was dismissed without notice. ...を訪問した (...-wo-hou-mon-shi-ta) = I visited ... 訪問中 (hou-mon-chuu) = on a visit (‘in the middle of a visit’) 首相は現在韓国を訪問中です。(shu-shou-wa-gen-zai-kan-ko-ku-wo-hou-mon-chuu-de-su) = The Prime Minister is currently on a visit to South Korea. (Currently, the Prime Minister, regarding him, it is the midst of a visit, South Korea the object.) 内容 (nai-you) = content この記事は内容に問題がある。(ko-no-ki-ji-wa-nai-you-ni-mon-dai-ga-a-ru) = There are problems with the content of this article. (‘Concerning this article, problems exist at the content.’) Lesson 4[] 早速 = immediately 賞 = prize / award 争えない = indisputable 争った = competed 指導 = coaching 指導力 = leadership qualities 返信 = reply 私たちは賞を争った。= We competed for the prize. * * 事実は争えない。= The facts are indisputable. * * 父はそのチームを八年間指導している。= My father has been coaching that team for eight years. * * 校長は彼女に特別賞を与えた。= The principal gave her a special award. * 昨日受け取ったメールに返信するのを忘れていた。= I had forgotten to reply to the email I received yesterday. * 早速彼女に返事を書いた。= I wrote a reply to her immediately. * 彼らは彼に賞を与えた。= They gave him an award. * 彼女は指導力のある人だ。= She is someone who has leadership qualities. * 着いたら早速連絡します。= I will contact you immediately after I arrive. * 彼にメールを送ったらすぐ返信が来た。= A reply came soon after I sent him an email. * 彼女は早速返信のメールを送ってくれた。= She sent me a reply email right away. * Lesson 5[] 一言 = a word 移って = moving 移り = to move 警告 = warning 費用 = expense ご寄付 = contribution 話題 = topic / subject 我々はこの町に移ってきたところだ。= We just moved to this town. * * 話題を変えよう。= Let's change the subject. * 次の話題に移りましょう。= Let's move on to the next topic. * * 思ったより費用がかかった。= Expenses were higher than expected. * 一言君に警告しておく。= I will give you a word of warning in advance. * * お祭りの費用にご寄付を願います。= We are asking for contributions for festival expenses. * * これが最後の警告だぞ。= This is your final warning. * 君はいつも一言多い。= You always say one word too many. * イタリア語は一言もしゃべれない。= I cannot speak a word of Italian. * ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/46539733?&comment_id=46543090 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/49271224?&comment_id=49283661 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/49271224?&comment_id=51121875 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38813178?&comment_id=42508342 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/37795151?&comment_id=37806059 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/37986638?&comment_id=40749536 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44272356?&comment_id=44272357 === Skill 74 - Feelings_3 === Lesson 1[] ...を後悔している (...wo-kō-kai-shi-te-i-ru) = I regret ... 後悔なく生きていきたい　i want to live my life without regrets 彼は郊外に引っ越したことを後悔している。(ka-re-wa-kō-gai-ni-hi-kko-shi-ta-ko-to-wo-kō-kai-shi-te-i-ru) = He regrets moving to the suburbs. 自分の言ったことをとても後悔している。(ji-bun-no-i-tta-ko-to-wo-to-te-mo-kō-kai-shi-te-i-ru) = I deeply regret what I said. どうして泣いているの？(dō-shi-te-nai-te-i-ru-no) = Why are you crying? 泣かないでください。(na-ka-nai-de-ku-da-sai) = Please do not cry. 彼は彼女の歌に泣かされた。(ka-re-wa-ka-no-jo-no-u-ta-ni-na-ka-sa-re-ta) = He was moved to tears by her song. 彼の胸で泣いた。(ka-re-no-mu-ne-de-nai-ta) = I cried into his chest. 彼は泣いた理由を言わなかった。(ka-re-wa-nai-ta-ri-yuu-wo-i-wa-na-ka-tta) = He did not tell me why he was crying. 僕は泣いていない。泣いているのは君だろう！(bo-ku-wa-nai-te-i-nai. nai-te-i-ru-no-wa-ki-mi-da-rō) = I'm not crying. The one who is crying is you! ("..is probably you!") 感情 (kan-jō) = emotion 心を込めて彼に手紙を送った。(ko-ko-ro-wo-ko-me-te-ka-re-ni-te-ga-mi-wo-o-ku-tta) = I sent him a heartfelt letter. 彼は感情を込めて歌いました。(ka-re-wa-kan-jō-wo-ko-me-te-u-tai-ma-shi-ta) = He sang with emotion. 感謝を込めて彼女に挨拶をした。(kan-sha-wo-ko-me-te-ka-no-jo-ni-ai-sa-tsu-wo-shi-ta) = I greeted her with gratitude/appreciation. 感情的になって泣いてしまった。(kan-jō-te-ki-ni-na-tte-nai-te-shi-ma-tta) = I became emotional and ended up crying. 大人しい人が怒ると怖い。 (o-to-na-shī-hi-to-ga-o-ko-ru-to-ko-wai) = Quiet people are scary when they get mad. おとなしい服が好きだ。(o-to-na-shī-fu-ku-ga-su-ki-da) = I like simple clothing. Lesson 2[] 悩み事 (na-ya-mi-go-to) = worries 人生は悩み事ばかりだ。(jin-sei-wa-na-ya-mi-go-to-ba-ka-ri-da) = Life is full of worries. 何について悩んでいるの？(na-ni-ni-tsui-te-na-yan-de-i-ru-no) = What are you worrying about? 何を悩んでいるの？(na-ni-wo-na-yan-de-i-ru-no) = What are you worrying about? 私は将来について悩まない。(wa-ta-shi-wa-shō-rai-ni-tsui-te-na-ya-ma-nai) = I do not worry about the future. 興奮 (kou-fun) = excitement 何をそんなに興奮しているんだ？(na-ni-wo-son-na-ni-kō-fun-shi-te-i-run-da) = What are you so excited about? 夕べは興奮して全然眠れなかった。(yū-be-wa-kō-fun-shi-te-zen-zen-ne-mu-re-na-ka-tta) = I was worked up last night, and I could not sleep at all. 幸福/ご幸福 (kō-fu-ku/go-kō-fu-ku) = happiness 彼らは幸福に暮らした。(ka-re-ra-wa-kō-fu-ku-ni-ku-ra-shi-ta) = They lived happily. ご幸福をお祈りします。(go-kō-fu-ku-wo-o-i-no-ri-shi-ma-su) = I wish for your happiness. ("I am praying your happiness.") 感覚 (kan-ka-ku) = feeling/sensation 腕は感覚がなくなってしまった。(u-de-wa-kan-ka-ku-ga-na-ku-na-tte-shi-ma-tta) = I ended losing feeling in my arm. 寒さで指の感覚がなくなった。(sa-mu-sa-de-yu-bi-no-kan-ka-ku-ga-na-ku-na-tta) = I lost sensation in my fingers from the cold. Lesson 3[] あの女には我慢できない。(a-no-on-na-ni-wa-ga-man-de-ki-nai) = I cannot put up with that woman. ("I cannot deal / abide / endure / stand / tolerate that woman.") この暑さに我慢できますか？(ko-no-a-tsu-sa-ni-ga-man-de-ki-ma-su-ka) = Can you stand this heat? わがまま (wa-ga-ma-ma) = selfishness お楽/楽 (o-ra-ku/ra-ku) = easy/relaxing どうぞお楽になさってください。(dō-zo-o-ra-ku-ni-na-sa-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please make yourself comfortable. 先生をするのは楽ではないよね。(sen-sei-wo-su-ru-no-wa-ra-ku-de-wa-nai-yo-ne) = Being a teacher is not easy, you know. 生活は楽じゃありませんが、幸せです。(sei-ka-tsu-wa-ra-ku-ja-a-ri-ma-sen-ga, shi-a-wa-se-de-su) = Life is not easy, but I am happy. 何てもったいない！(nan-te-mo-ttai-nai) = What a waste! なんてひどい！(nan-te-hi-doi) = How awful! なんていい色でしょう。(nan-te-ī-i-ro-de-shō) = What a nice color. 運 (un) = chance/luck 何も運に任せないで。(na-ni-mo-un-ni-ma-ka-se-nai-de) = Do not leave anything to chance. 幸運 (kō-un) = good fortune 幸運を祈っています。(kō-un-wo-i-no-tte-i-ma-su) = I am wishing you good luck. ("I am praying/wishing good fortune.") 通らない (tō-ra-nai) = unacceptable 彼女は金持ちだから、何でも自分のわがままは通ると思っている。(ka-no-jo-wa-ka-ne-mo-chi-da-ka-ra, nan-de-mo-ji-bun-no-wa-ga-ma-ma-wa-tō-ru-to-o-mo-tte-i-ru) = Because she is rich, she thinks that she can have everything her own way. Lesson 4[] 死 (shi) = death 退屈 (tai-ku-tsu) = boring 座ってテレビを見ているだけなんて退屈だ。(su-wa-tte-te-re-bi-wo-mi-te-i-ru-da-ke-nan-te-ta-i-ku-tsu-da) = It is boring just sitting and watching TV. ("Watching television whilst sitting, how boring it is!") ショック (sho-kku) = shock 彼女の死は私に非常にショックだった。(ka-no-jo-no-shi-wa-wa-ta-shi-ni-hi-jou-ni-sho-kku-da-tta) = Her death was extremely shocking to me. ちょっとショックでした。(cho-tto-sho-kku-de-shi-ta) = It was a bit shocking. 会議を混乱させないように気をつけた。(kai-gi-wo-kon-ran-sa-se-nai-you-ni-ki-wo-tsu-ke-ta) = I was careful to not disrupt the meeting. ("I exercised caution so that I do not disturb the meeting.") つらい (tsu-rai) = tough つらかった (tsu-ra-ka-tta) = it was tough 彼女と別れるのはとてもつらかった。(ka-no-jo-to-wa-ka-re-ru-no-wa-to-te-mo-tsu-ra-ka-tta) = It was very painful to break up with her. どうして先生は私にこれほどつらく当たるのだろう。(dō-shi-te-sen-sei-wa-wa-ta-shi-ni-ko-re-ho-do-tsu-ra-ku-a-ta-ru-no-da-rō) = I wonder why the teacher is so hard on me. Lesson 5[] 気にしないで。(ki-ni-shi-nai-de) = Do not worry about it. 私は姉と気が合う。(wa-ta-shi-wa-a-ne-to-ki-ga-au) = I get along well with my older sister. 彼女は気を失って床に倒れました。(ka-no-jo-wa-ki-wo-u-shi-na-tte-yu-ka-ni-ta-o-re-ma-shi-ta) = She lost consciousness and collapsed onto the floor. 私は今夜、和食を食べたい気がする。(wa-ta-shi-wa-kon-ya, wa-sho-ku-wo-ta-be-tai-ki-ga-su-ru) = I feel like eating Japanese food tonight. 大嫌い (dai-ki-rai) = (adj.) hating greatly 兄は虫が大嫌いだ。(a-ni-wa-mu-shi-ga-dai-ki-rai-da) = My older brother hates bugs. ("Older brother, regarding him, he is greatly hating of bugs.") ...を表す (...-wo-a-ra-wa-su) = It represents ... 言葉は考えを表す。(ko-to-ba-wa-kan-ga-e-wo-a-ra-wa-su) = Words represent ideas. これは何を表しているのですか？(ko-re-wa-na-ni-wo-a-ra-wa-shi-te-i-ru-no-de-su-ka) = What does this stand for? ("What does this mean? / represent? / signify?") 気持ちを言葉で表せたらいいのだが。(ki-mo-chi-wo-ko-to-ba-de-a-ra-wa-se-ta-ra-ī-no-da-ga) = I wish I could express my feelings in words. 彼女はあまり自分の感情を表さない人だ。(ka-no-jo-wa-a-ma-ri-ji-bun-no-kan-jō-wo-a-ra-wa-sa-nai-hi-to-da) = She is someone who does not express really express her emotions. 彼は不満を表した。(ka-re-wa-fu-man-wo-a-ra-wa-shi-ta) = He expressed his displeasure. [From Skill: Desire 2, Lesson 2] ...を誇っている (...-wo-ho-ko-tte-i-ru) = I am proud of ... 彼女は自分の成功を誇っている。(ka-no-jo-wa-ji-bun-no-sei-kō-wo-ho-ko-tte-i-ru) = She is proud of her success. あなたを誇りに思います。(a-na-ta-wo-ho-ko-ri-ni-o-moi-ma-su) = I am proud of you. いくら悔やんでもこの悲しい事実を変えることはできない。(i-ku-ra-ku-yan-de-mo-ko-no-ka-na-shī-ji-ji-tsu-wo-ka-e-ru-ko-to-wa-de-ki-nai) = No matter how much you regret you cannot change this sad reality. お悔やみ (o-ku-ya-mi) = condolences お悔やみ申し上げます。(o-ku-ya-mi-mō-shi-a-ge-ma-su) = I would like to express my condolences. 心からお悔やみ申し上げます。(ko-ko-ro-ka-ra-o-ku-ya-mi-mō-shi-a-ge-ma-su) = I would like to express my sincere condolences. Lesson 6[] 友人 (yū-jin) = friend いつも緊張しています。(i-tsu-mo-kin-chō-shi-te-i-ma-su) = I am always nervous. そんなに緊張することはないよ。(son-na-ni-kin-chō-su-ru-ko-to-wa-nai-yo) = Don't be so nervous. 政治家は国民に嫌われている。(sei-ji-ka-wa-ko-ku-min-ni-ki-ra-wa-re-te-i-ru) = The politicians are disliked by the citizens. ("The politicians, at the citizens they are disliked (by the citizens they are disliked).") ...を嫌っている (...-wo-ki-ra-tte-i-ru) = I hate ... 諦めないで。(a-ki-ra-me-nai-de) = Do not give up. 諦めてはいけない。(a-ki-ra-me-te-wa-i-ke-nai) = You must not give up. いじめにあった (i-ji-me-ni-atta) = I was bullied. 小さい子をいじめるな。(chī-sai-ko-wo-i-ji-me-ru-na) = Don't bully little kids. === Skill 75 - Authority === Lesson 1[] ただの冗談だよ。(ta-da-no-jō-dan-da-yo) = It is just a joke. ただ一つ残っていたテーブルはレストランの入り口近くだった。(ta-da-i-tsu-no-ko-tte-i-ta-tē-bu-ru-wa-re-su-to-ran-no-i-ri-gu-chi-chi-ka-ku-da-tta) = The only remaining table was near the entrance to the restaurant. 静かにしろ。(shi-zu-ka-ni-shi-ro) = Be quiet. (“Quietly, do.”) 宿題をしろ。(shu-ku-dai-wo-shi-ro) = Do your homework. こっち来い！(kotch-chi-koi) = Come here! 遊びに来いよ。(a-so-bi-ni-koi-yo) = Come and hang out. 止まれ！(to-ma-re) = Stop! そこで止まりなさい。(so-ko-de-to-ma-ri-na-sai) = Stop there. 頑張れ！(gam-ba-re) = Do your best! 彼女は私に腹を立てた。(ka-no-jo-wa-wa-ta-shi-ni-ha-ra-wo-ta-te-ta) = She got mad at me. 夏休みの予定はもう立てたの？(na-tsu-ya-su-mi-no-yo-tei-wa-mō-ta-te-ta-no) = Have you made plans for summer vacation yet? 音を立てないでください。(o-to-wo-ta-te-nai-de-ku-da-sai) = Please do not make a sound/noises. さっさと (sa-ssa-to) = quickly さっさと仕事をしろ。(sa-ssa-to-shi-go-to-wo-shi-ro) = Do your work quickly. さっさと宿題をしな。(sa-ssa-to-shu-ku-dai-wo-shi-na) = Do your homework quickly. Lesson 2[] 命令 (mei-rei) = order [as in 'command']. 命令通りにしなさい。(mei-rei-dō-ri-ni-shi-na-sai) = Do as you are told. ご援助 / 援助 (go-en-jo / en-jo) = support / assistance / aid 祖母に経済的な援助を受けた。(so-bo-ni-kei-zai-te-ki-na-en-jo-wo-u-ke-ta) = I received financial support from my grandmother. ("At my grandmother, economic support, I received.") 政権 (sei-ken) = power [as in 'political power'] 独裁政権 (do-ku-sai-sei-ken) = dictatorship 独裁者 (do-ku-sai-sha) = dictator (“practitioner of dictation”) 独裁者が国を支配していた。(do-ku-sai-sha-ga-ku-ni-wo-shi-hai-shi-tei-ta) = A dictator ruled the country. その国は軍事独裁政権に支配されている。(so-no-ku-ni-wa-gun-ji-do-ku-sai-sei-ken-ni-shi-hai-sa-re-te-i-ru) = That country is ruled by a military dictatorship. ("...is being ruled...") 支配者 (shi-hai-sha) = ruler [in the sense, 'govenor'] 支配者はすべてを諦めるよう我々に求めた。(shi-hai-sha-wa-su-be-te-wo-a-ki-ra-me-ru-yō-wa-re-wa-re-ni-mo-to-me-ta) = The ruler demanded us to give up everything. 彼らは自由を求めてこの国に来た。(ka-re-ra-wa-ji-yuu-wo-mo-to-me-te-ko-no-ku-ni-ni-ki-ta) = They came to this country seeking freedom. 政府は経済援助を求めました。(sei-fu-wa-kei-zai-en-jo-wo-mo-to-me-ma-shi-ta) = The government demanded economic aid. 彼女に多くを求めすぎてはいけない。(ka-no-jo-ni-ō-ku-wo-mo-to-me-su-gi-te-wa-i-ke-nai) = You must not demand too much from her. きれいな空気を求めて、田舎に引っ越した。(ki-rei-na-kū-ki-wo-mo-to-me-te, i-na-ka-ni-hi-kko-shi-ta) = I moved to the countryside in search of clean air. Lesson 3[] 彼の命令に従わなかった。(ka-re-no-mei-rei-ni-shi-ta-ga-wa-na-ka-tta) = I did not follow his orders / obey his commands. 法律には従うべきだ。(hō-ri-tsu-ni-wa-shi-ta-ga-u-be-ki-da) = We should obey the law. 黙れ。(da-ma-re) = Shut up! 黙って運転しろ。(da-ma-tte-un-ten-shi-ro) = Shut up and drive. ("Drive while shutting up!") 彼は黙って座っていた。(ka-re-wa-da-ma-tte-su-wa-tte-i-ta) = He was sitting in silence. 彼女の演説の間、みんな黙っていた。(ka-no-jo-no-en-ze-tsu-no-ai-da-min-na-da-ma-tte-i-ta) = Everyone was silent during her speech. ("Everyone was silent during her speech's interval of time.") 招待を断った。(shō-tai-wo-ko-to-wa-tta) = I turned down the invitation. [also, '...declined the invitation.'] 彼女は彼の支払いの要求を断りました。(ka-no-jo-wa-ka-re-no-shi-ha-rai-no-you-kyū-wo-ko-to-wa-ri-ma-shi-ta) = She rejected his request for payment. 反抗的な (han-kō-te-ki-na) = rebellious 彼女は母親に反抗した。(ka-no-jo-wa-ha-ha-o-ya-ni-han-kō-shi-ta) = She disobeyed her mother. ("She did rebellion at her mother.") 彼女は上司の指示に反抗して首になった。(ka-no-jo-wa-jō-shi-no-shi-ji-ni-han-kō-shi-te-ku-bi-ni-na-tta) = She defied her boss's orders and got fired. すべて指示通りに準備致しました。(su-be-te-shi-ji-dō-ri-ni-jum-bi-i-ta-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I prepared everything as instructed. 医者の指示に従ってください。(i-sha-no-shi-ji-ni-shi-ta-ga-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please follow the doctor's instructions. Lesson 4[] 先輩 (sem-pai) = Senpai (one's superior) 先輩、私に気づいて！(sem-pai, wa-ta-shi-ni-ki-zui-te) = Notice me senpai! 本田先輩、ありがとうございます。(hon-da-sem-pai-a-ri-ga-tō-go-zai-ma-su) = Honda-senpai, thank you very much. 先輩は立てるものだ。(sem-pai-wa-ta-te-ru-mo-no-da) = You should respect your seniors. ("Senpai are 'to respect'-things.") 非難する (hi-nan-su-ru) = to criticise 人を非難するのはやめなさい。(hi-to-wo-hi-nan-su-ru-no-wa-ya-me-na-sai) = Stop criticizing people. 非難 (hi-nan) = criticism 的 (ma-to) = object / target 非難の的 (hi-nan-no-ma-to) = object of criticism / target of criticism そのような政策は非難の的になりやすいです。(so-no-yō-na-sei-sa-ku-wa-hi-nan-no-ma-to-ni-na-ri-ya-sui-de-su) = Such a policy easily becomes the target of criticism. 尊敬語 (son-kei-go) = honorific language [also, "Japanese honorifics"] 尊敬 (son-kei) = respect 彼は我々の尊敬に値する。(ka-re-wa-wa-re-wa-re-no-son-kei-ni-a-tai-su-ru) = He deserves our respect. ("He deserves at our respect.") タバコをやめることは努力に値する。(ta-ba-ko-wo-ya-me-ru-ko-to-wa-do-ryo-ku-ni-a-tai-su-ru) = Quitting smoking is worth the effort. ("...is worth at the effort.") 彼女の勇気ある行為は尊敬に値する。(ka-no-jo-no-yū-ki-a-ru-kō-i-wa-son-kei-ni-a-tai-su-ru) = Her courageous act deserves respect. 私は母を尊敬している。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ha-ha-wo-son-kei-shi-te-i-ru) = I respect my mother. 彼女は偉大な作家として尊敬されている。(ka-no-jo-wa-i-dai-na-sa-kka-to-shi-te-son-kei-sa-re-te-i-ru) = She is respected as a great writer. ("She, regarding whom, a great writer, being played as which, she is being respected.") Lesson 5[] 後輩 (kō-hai) = Kōhai / one's inferior / junior colleague (as opposed to "Senpai". Note: the term is only used to refer to sb. You don't normally say, "Hey, inferior!") 彼女は後輩から尊敬されている。(ka-no-jo-wa-kō-hai-ka-ra-son-kei-sa-re-te-i-ru) = She is respected by her junior colleagues. ("..respected from her colleagues.") 彼女は私より二年後輩です。(ka-no-jo-wa-wa-ta-shi-yo-ri-ni-nen-kō-hai-de-su) = She is two years my junior. ("She is by two years my junior.") 老人 (rō-jin) = old man / old woman / old people 若者 (wa-ka-mo-no) = young people ほら、あの素敵な若者は誰？(ho-ra-a-no-su-te-ki-na-wa-ka-mo-no-wa-da-re) = Hey, who is that nice young person over there? 若者は最近あまり図書館を利用しない。(wa-ka-mo-no-wa-sai-kin-a-ma-ri-to-sho-kan-wo-ri-you-shi-nai) = Young people don't use libraries that much these days. ...から影響を受けた (...-ka-ra-ei-kyō-wo-u-ke-ta) = ... had a great influence on me. ("I received influence from ...") 台風の影響で、野菜の値段が急に上がった。(tai-fū-no-ei-kyō-de-ya-sai-no-ne-dan-ga-kyū-ni-a-ga-tta) = The price of vegetables rose sharply due to the typhoon. ("Because of the influence of the typhon... .") 悪影響 (a-ku-ei-kyō) = negative influence 暴力映画は若者に悪影響を与えると非難されている。(bō-ryo-ku-ei-ga-wa-wa-ka-mo-no-ni-a-ku-ei-kyō-wo-a-ta-e-ru-to-hi-nan-sa-re-te-i-ru) = Violent movies are criticized as having a negative influence on young people. ("...are criticised as granting a bad influence... .") 影響力 (ei-kyō-ryo-ku) = power of influence 君の発言は若者に影響力が大きい。(ki-mi-no-ha-tsu-gen-wa-wa-ka-mo-no-ni-ei-kyō-ryo-ku-ga-ō-kī) = Your remarks have considerable power to influence young people. ("Your remarks, to the youth, the power of influence is big.") Lesson 6[] 態度 (tai-do) = attitude 彼女は態度に問題がある。(ka-no-jo-wa-tai-do-ni-mon-dai-ga-a-ru) = She has an attitude problem. ("She has a problem attitude-wise.") 彼は人によって態度を変える。(ka-re-wa-hi-to-ni-yo-tte-tai-do-wo-ka-e-ru) = He changes his attitude depending on the person. ("... changes attitude person-wise.") 学生は教授の意見に挑戦した。(ga-ku-sei-wa-kyō-ju-no-i-ken-ni-chō-sen-shi-ta) = The student challenged the professor 's opinion. ("... challenged at the professor ... .") 世界記録に挑戦した。(se-kai-ki-ro-ku-ni-chō-sen-shi-ta) = I challenged the world record. 権威 (ken-i) = authority 申し込み (mō-shi-ko-mi) = application / proposal 彼女は彼の結婚の申し込みを断った。(ka-no-jo-wa-ka-re-no-ke-kkon-no-mō-shi-ko-mi-wo-ko-to-wa-tta) = She turned down his marriage proposal. 申し込んだ商品と違う物が届いた。(mō-shi-kon-da-shō-hin-to-chi-ga-u-mo-no-ga-to-do-i-ta) = What arrived was different from what I had ordered. ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/34397939?&comment_id=42775853 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/49425550?&comment_id=49434885 === Skill 76 - Animals === Lesson 1[] ヘビ (he-bi) = snake カニ (ka-ni) = crab カメ (ka-me) = turtle / tortoise 海ガメ (u-mi-ga-me) = sea turtle くじら / クジラ (ku-ji-ra) = whale 海ガメは砂に卵を産む。(u-mi-ga-me-wa-su-na-ni-ta-ma-go-wo-u-mu) = Sea turtles lay their eggs in the sand. ("...lay eggs sand-wise.") クジラは卵を産まない。(ku-ji-ra-wa-ta-ma-go-wo-u-ma-nai) = Whales do not lay eggs. ヘビが地面に卵を産んだ。(he-bi-ga-ji-men-ni-ta-ma-go-wo-un-da) = The snake laid its eggs in the ground. ("... laid eggs ground-wise.") 哺乳動物 (ho-nyū-dō-bu-tsu) = mammal ("lactating, or breastfeeding animal / suckle milk animal / suckle milk moving thing") カメは哺乳動物じゃない。(ka-me-wa-ho-nyū-dō-bu-tsu-ja-nai) = Turtles are not mammals. Lesson 2[] 網 (a-mi) = grill / wire mesh / net 網で魚を焼いた。(a-mi-de-sa-ka-na-wo-yai-ta) = I roasted a fish on the grill. 巣 (su) = nest 鳥は木に巣を作る。(to-ri-wa-ki-ni-su-wo-tsu-ku-ru) = Birds build their nests in trees. アリ (a-ri) = ant くも / クモ (ku-mo) = spider チョウ (chō) = butterfly クモが巣を作っているのを見ていた。(ku-mo-ga-su-wo-tsu-ku-tte-i-ru-no-wo-mi-te-i-ta) = I was watching a spider spinning a web. ("I was watching the act of a spider making a nest.") Lesson 3[] 双子 (fu-ta-go) = twins 彼らは双子です。(ka-re-ra-wa-fu-ta-go-de-su) = They are twins. パンダ (pan-da) = panda 雌 (me-su) = female 雌猫 (me-su-ne-ko) = female cat 雄 (o-su) = male 雄犬 (o-su-i-nu) = male dog あのパンダは雄ですか、雌ですか？(a-no-pan-da-wa-o-su-de-su-ka-me-su-de-su-ka) = Is that panda male or female? 君の子猫は雄なの、雌なの？(ki-mi-no-ko-ne-ko-wa-o-su-na-no-me-su-na-no) = Is your kitten male or female? 上野動物園でパンダが双子を産んだ。(u-e-no-dō-bu-tsu-en-de-pan-da-ga-fu-ta-go-wo-un-da) = The panda at Ueno Zoo gave birth to twins. Lesson 4[] ライオン (rai-on) = lion 虎 (to-ra) = tigre 後ろでライオンの唸り声がした。(u-shi-ro-de-rai-on-no-u-na-ri-go-e-ga-shi-ta) = I heard the growl of a lion behind me. ("...behind me, at that place.") 虎が唸るのが聞こえた。(to-ra-ga-u-na-ru-no-ga-ki-ko-e-ta) = I could hear a tiger growling. ("I heard a tiger, its act of growling.") 吠える (ho-e-ru) = to bark 吠える犬は噛まない。(ho-e-ru-i-nu-wa-ka-ma-nai) = Barking dogs do not bite. [吠 means 'mouth, dog' while 噛 means 'mouth, teeth'.] Lesson 5[] 祖先 (so-sen) = ancestor うちの祖先はワルシャワに住んでいた。(u-chi-no-so-sen-wa-wa-ru-sha-wa-ni-sun-de-i-ta) = My ancestors lived in Warsaw. ("My household's ancestors .../My family's ancestors ... .") 恐竜 (kyō-ryū) = dinosaur 進化 (shin-ka) = evolution 鳥は恐竜から進化したと言われている。(to-ri-wa-kyō-ryū-ka-ra-shin-ka-shi-ta-to-i-wa-re-te-i-ru) = It is said that birds evolved from dinosaurs. 鳥は恐竜から進化したと考えられている。(to-ri-wa-kyō-ryū-ka-ra-shin-ka-shi-ta-to-kan-ga-e-ra-re-te-i-ru) = It is thought that birds evolved from dinosaurs. 進化はどのように生じるのですか？(shin-ka-wa-do-no-yō-ni-shō-ji-ru-no-de-su-ka) = How does evolution take place? キリン (ki-rin) = giraffe 僕は動物園に行くまでキリンを見たことがなかった。(bo-ku-wa-dō-bu-tsu-en-ni-i-ku-ma-de-ki-rin-wo-mi-ta-ko-to-ga-na-ka-tta) = I had not seen a giraffe before going to the zoo. ("Until the act of going to the zoo (happened), the act of seeing a giraffe did not exist regarding me.") キリンは馬と同じ祖先から進化した。(ki-rin-wa-u-ma-to-o-na-ji-so-sen-ka-ra-shin-ka-shi-ta) = The giraffe evolved from the same ancestor as the horse. ("The giraffe evolved from a same-with-horse ancestor./ ... evolved from a horse, with, the same, ancestor.") フクロウ (fu-ku-rō) = owl / owls 緑色のフクロウが私を見ている。(mi-do-ri-i-ro-no-fu-ku-rō-ga-wa-ta-shi-wo-mi-te-i-ru) = The green owl is watching me. 👀 フクロウは昼間は眠る。(fu-ku-rō-wa-hi-ru-ma-wa-ne-mu-ru) = Owls sleep during the day. ("Owls sleep daytime, regarding it.") フクロウが鳴いていた。(fu-ku-rō-ga-nai-te-i-ta) = An owl was hooting. === Skill 77 - Space === Lesson 1[] 惑星 (wa-ku-sei) = planet 宇宙 (u-chū) = space 火星 (ka-sei) = Mars 天文学者 (tem-mon-ga-ku-sha) = astronomer 天文学 (tem-mon-ga-ku) = astronomy 天文学者は地球が動いていると主張した。(tem-mon-ga-ku-sha-wa-chi-kyū-ga-u-goi-te-i-ru-to-shu-chō-shi-ta) = The astronomer claimed that the earth moves. [also, '...astronomer argued that ...'] 宇宙には多くの星が存在する。(u-chū-ni-wa-ō-ku-no-ho-shi-ga-son-zai-su-ru) = Many stars exist in the universe. 惑星は星の周りを回ります。(wa-ku-sei-wa-ho-shi-no-ma-wa-ri-wo-ma-wa-ri-ma-su) = Planets revolve around stars. 火星に水は存在するのだろうか。(ka-sei-ni-mi-zu-wa-son-zai-su-ru-no-da-rō-ka) = I wonder if water exists on Mars. Lesson 2[] 無限 (mu-gen) = infinite / unlimited [無限月読 means 'Infinite Tsukuyōmi'] 我々の時間は無限ではない。(wa-re-wa-re-no-ji-kan-wa-mu-gen-de-wa-nai) = Our time is not unlimited. 愛は無限です。(ai-wa-mu-gen-de-su) = Love is boundless. 君には無限の可能性がある。(ki-mi-ni-wa-mu-gen-no-ka-nō-sei-ga-a-ru) = You have unlimited possibilities. 宇宙を探検しよう。(u-chū-wo-tan-ken-shi-yō) = Let's explore the universe. 探検家 (tan-ken-ka) = explorer 宇宙飛行士 (u-chū-hi-kō-shi) = astronaut 太陽系 (tai-yō-kei) = solar system 宇宙飛行士たちは太陽系を探検している。(u-chū-hi-kō-shi-ta-chi-wa-tai-yō-kei-wo-tan-ken-shi-te-i-ru) = Astronauts are exploring the solar system. 火星は太陽系の四番目の惑星だ。(ka-sei-wa-tai-yō-kei-no-yom-ban-me-no-wa-ku-sei-da) = Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system. 私の夢は宇宙飛行士になって火星に行くことです。(wa-ta-shi-no-yu-me-wa-u-chū-hi-kō-shi-ni-na-tte-ka-sei-ni-i-ku-ko-to-de-su) = My dream is to become an astronaut and go to Mars. [Think of having a comma between 'て' and '火星', so the grammar of joining two clauses applies.] Lesson 3[] 宇宙船 (u-chō-sen) = spaceship ("space ship") 重力 (jū-ryo-ku) = gravity ("power of heaviness / heavy power / heavy's power") 月の重力は地球の六分の一である。(tsu-ki-no-jū-ryo-ku-wa-chi-kyū-no-ro-ppun-no-hi-to-tsu-de-a-ru) = The moon's gravity is one-sixth of the earth's. 重力は自然の四つの力の一つである。(jū-ryo-ku-wa-shi-zen-no-yo-ttsu-no-chi-ka-ra-no-hi-to-tsu-de-a-ru) = Gravity is one of the four forces of nature. 無重力 (mu-jū-ryo-ku) = zero-gravity ("free from weight's power") 実験は無重力の環境で行なわれた。(ji-kken-wa-mu-jū-ryo-ku-no-kan-kyō-de-o-ko-na-wa-re-ta) = The experiment was conducted in a zero gravity environment. ロケット (ro-ke-tto) = rocket 政府はロケットを発射した。(sei-fu-wa-ro-ke-tto-wo-hash-sha-shi-ta) = The government fired a rocket. らは空にロケットを発射した。(ra-wa-ka-ra-ni-ro-ke-tto-wo-hash-sha-shi-ta) = They fired a rocket into the sky. 発射台 (hash-sha-dai) = launch pad ...を打ち上げた (...-wo-u-chi-a-ge-ta) = I launched ... . 政府は宇宙船を宇宙に打ち上げた。(sei-fu-wa-u-chū-sen-wo-u-chū-ni-u-chi-a-ge-ta) = The government launched a spaceship into space. 宇宙船は宇宙に打ち上げられた。(u-chū-sen-wa-u-chū-ni-u-chi-a-ge-ra-re-ta) = The spaceship was launched into space. === Skill 78 - Hair_Salon === Lesson 1[] カット (ka-tto) = haircut 髪 (ka-mi) = hair 髪がめちゃめちゃだ。　is　a　mess 髪の毛 (ka-mi-no-ke) = hair ("hair's fur") [毛 (ke/fur), do not confuse with 手 (te/hand)—one curls to the right and the other, left.] 髪の毛を切らないでください。(ka-mi-no-ke-wo-ki-ra-nai-de-ku-da-sai) = Please do not cut your hair. 美容院 (bi-you-in) = beauty salon / hair salon [Not to be confused with 病院 (byō-in/hospital)] 床屋 (to-ko-ya) = barbershop ("floor room") 床屋で髪を切ってもらいましたか？(to-ko-ya-de-ka-mi-wo-ki-tte-mo-rai-ma-shi-ta-ka) = Did you get your hair cut at the barbershop? ("At the barbershop, did you receive whilst cutting the hair?") 床屋でカットしてもらった。(to-ko-ya-de-ka-tto-shi-te-mo-ra-tta) = I got my hair cut at the barbershop. ("At the barbershop, I received while doing a haircut.") はさみ / ハサミ (ha-sa-mi) = scissors このはさみは切れなくなった。(ko-no-ha-sa-mi-wa-ki-re-na-ku-na-tta) = These scissors can no longer cut. ("These scissors became non-cutting.") Lesson 2[] 辺り (a-ta-ri) = area (noun) 辺りには誰もいなかった。(a-ta-ri-ni-wa-da-re-mo-i-na-ka-tta) = There was no one in the area. この辺りは全く知りません。(ko-no-a-ta-ri-wa-ma-tta-ku-shi-ri-ma-sen) = I do not know this area at all. 黒髪 (ku-ro-ka-mi) = black-haired (adjective) 黒髪の女性は本田先生です。(ku-ro-ka-mi-no-jo-sei-wa-hon-da-sen-sei-de-su) = The black haired woman is Professor Honda. センチ (sen-chi) = centimetre 五センチぐらい切ってください。(go-sen-chi-gu-rai-ki-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please cut about five centimeters. 前髪 (ma-e-ga-mi) = bangs / fringes [hair that falls and covers the forehead] 前髪を切ってください。(ma-e-ga-mi-wo-ki-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please cut my bangs. もう少し前髪を切ってください。(mō-su-ko-shi-ma-e-ga-mi-wo-ki-tte-ku-da-sai) = Please cut my bangs a bit more. ("A bit more, my bangs, the object, cut please.") もみあげ (mo-mi-a-ge) = sideburns [a strip of hair grown by a man down each side of the face in front of his ears. 🧔] もみあげは残してください。(mo-mi-a-ge-wa-no-ko-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please leave my sideburns. ("The sideburns, please leave unfinished.") バリカン (ba-ri-kan) = hair clippers (in the sense 'electric hair clipper/shaver/trimmer' as used by barbers. Origin, 'Bariquand et Marre', a French company[2].) 美人 (bi-jin) = beautiful woman ("beautiful person") 健太は美人と結婚した。(ken-ta-wa-bi-jin-to-ke-kkon-shi-ta) = Kenta got married to a beautiful woman. Lesson 3[] 赤毛 (a-ka-ge) = red hair / red-haired (adj.) マリアは赤毛です。(ma-ri-a-wa-a-ka-ge-de-su) = Maria is a redhead. アイルランド人のいとこは赤毛です。(ai-ru-ran-do-jin-no-i-to-ko-wa-a-ka-ge-de-su) = My Irish cousin is a redhead. ("Irish cousin, regarding him, is a red-head" or "Ireland man's cousin, regarding him, is a read-head.") 金髪 (kim-pa-tsu) = blond hair ("golden hair") 金髪の男性は誰ですか？(kim-pa-tsu-no-dan-sei-wa-da-re-de-su-ka) = Who is the blond man? 彼氏は茶髪にした。(ka-re-shi-wa-cha-pa-tsu-ni-shi-ta) = My boyfriend dyed his hair brown. ("[He] acted to a brown hair.") 彼女は天然の茶髪です。(ka-no-jo-wa-ten-nen-no-cha-pa-tsu-de-su) = She is a natural brunette. ("Regarding her, it is nature's brown hair.") 白髪 (shi-ra-ga) = grey-haired 白髪を染めたいんですが。(shi-ra-ga-wo-so-me-ta'in-de-su-ga) = I would like to dye my grey hair. 髪を茶髪に染めたい。(ka-mi-wo-cha-pa-tsu-ni-so-me-tai) = I want to dye my hair brown. ("I want to dye the hair at brown-hair.") 彼女は髪を金髪に染めた。(ka-no-jo-wa-ka-mi-wo-kim-pa-tsu-ni-so-me-ta) = She dyed her hair blonde. 髪の毛を染める人がいるが、自然のままが一番美しい。(ka-mi-no-ke-wo-so-me-ru-hi-to-ga-i-ru-ga, shi-zen-no-ma-ma-ga-i-chi-ban-u-tsu-ku-shī) = Some people dye their hair, but it looks most beautiful in its natural color. ("There exist people who dye their hair, but natural (aka. nature's condition / nature's state) is still the most beautiful.") 目立つ (me-da-tsu) = to stand out 彼の金髪はとても目立つ。(ka-re-no-kim-pa-tsu-wa-to-te-mo-me-da-tsu) = His blond hair really stands out. 彼女は目立って元気になった。(ka-no-jo-wa-me-da-tte-gen-ki-ni-na-tta) = She has gotten noticeably better. ("She has gotten better whilst standing out.") Lesson 4[] ひげ (hi-ge) = beard / moustache / facial hair 髪型 (ka-mi-ga-ta) = hairstyle ("hair type / model / mould") くし (ku-shi) = comb かゆい (ka-yui) = itchy 目がかゆいです。(me-ga-ka-yui-de-su) = My eyes are itchy. 髪をとかさなくてはいけない。(ka-mi-wo-to-ka-sa-na-ku-te-wa-i-ke-nai) = I have to comb my hair. ["It would not do if I don't comb my hair." (It would not work, it would not fly, it would not go, it would not be a good thing if I don't... That sort of sense.)[3]] 彼の髪はきちんとくしでとかされていた。(ka-re-no-ka-mi-wa-ki-chin-to-ku-shi-de-to-ka-sa-re-te-i-ta) = His hair had been neatly combed. 妹はくしで髪をとかした。(i-mō-to-wa-ku-shi-de-ka-mi-wo-to-ka-shi-ta) = My little sister combed her hair. 乾かし方 (ka-wa-ka-shi-ka-ta) = how to dry ("the method of drying") 髪を乾かしてください。(ka-mi-wo-ka-wa-ka-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please dry your hair. 体を乾かしなさい。(ka-ra-da-wo-ka-wa-ka-shi-na-sai) = Dry your body. ...に似合う (...-ni-ni-a-u) = It suits ... / It looks good on ... . そのドレスは君に似合う。(so-no-do-re-su-wa-ki-mi-ni-ni-a-u) = That dress suits you. そのネクタイは君の青いシャツによく似合うよ。(so-no-ne-ku-tai-wa-ki-mi-no-aoi-sha-tsu-ni-yo-ku-ni-a-u-yo) = That tie goes well with your blue shirt. 私に似合いそうな髪型はありますか？(wa-ta-shi-ni-ni-ai-sō-na-ka-mi-ga-ta-wa-a-ri-ma-su-ka) = Is there a hairstyle that would suit me? ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/37412340?&comment_id=41768498 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38832937?&comment_id=38835433 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/37863002?&comment_id=41101375 === Skill 79 - Dentist === Lesson 1[] 虫歯 (mu-shi-ba) = dental cavity / decayed tooth 私は虫歯が二本ある。(wa-ta-shi-wa-mu-shi-ba-ga-ni-hon-a-ru) = I have two dental cavities. 歯痛 (ha-i-ta / shi-tsū) = toothache 私は歯痛で目を覚ました。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ha-i-ta / shi-tsū-de-me-wo-sa-ma-shi-ta) = I woke up from a toothache. ("Regarding me, a toothache, like that, I woke up." or "I woke up in the style of a toothache.") [Either I woke up because of a toothache or when I woke up my tooth was aching. We can't really know which since the sentence merely evokes the association rather than being caused by a toothache.] 彼は歯痛で苦しんでいる。(ka-re-wa-shi-tsū-de-ku-ru-shin-de-i-ru) = He is suffering from a toothache. 乳歯 (nyū-shi) = baby teeth ("milk teeth")　　にゅうし 歯磨き (ha-mi-ga-ki) = the act of brushing the teeth 歯磨きをしている。(ha-mi-ga-ki-wo-shi-te-i-ru) = I am brushing my teeth. 歯磨きが上手だ。(ha-mi-ga-ki-ga-jō-zu-da) = You are good at brushing your teeth. 私は歯を抜いてもらった。(wa-ta-shi-wa-ha-wo-nui-te-mo-ra-tta) = I got my tooth extracted / pulled out / removed. 抜けた (nu-ke-ta) = it fell out　ぬけた 娘の最後の乳歯が抜けた。(mu-su-me-no-sai-go-no-nyū-shi-ga-nu-ke-ta) = My daughter's last baby tooth fell out. 下の歯が一本抜けてしまった。(shi-ta-no-ha-ga-i-ppon-nu-ke-te-shi-ma-tta) = One of my lower teeth ended up falling out. 歯医者 (ha-i-sha) = dentist ("tooth doctor") 歯医者で虫歯を抜いてもらった。(ha-i-sha-de-mu-shi-ba-wo-nui-te-mo-ra-tta) = I got a decayed tooth pulled out at the dentist's. ("I got a decayed tooth pulled out by the way of the dentist.") ズキズキ / ずきずきします (zu-ki-zu-ki-shi-ma-su) = it is throbbing / pulsing with pain 頭は大丈夫ですが、首はズキズキします。(a-ta-ma-wa-dai-jō-bu-de-su-ga, ku-bi-wa-zu-ki-zu-ki-shi-ma-su) = My head is okay, but my neck is throbbing. 歯がずきずきします。(ha-ga-zu-ki-zu-ki-shi-ma-su) = My tooth is throbbing (with pain). Lesson 2[] 頬 (ho-ho) = cheek 彼女は私の頬を叩いた。(ka-no-jo-wa-wa-ta-shi-no-ho-ho-wo-ta-tai-ta) = She slapped my cheek. ("She beat against my cheek.") 歯石 (shi-se-ki) = tartar ("tooth rocks") [Tartar is tooth plaque that has reached an advanced state of hardening onto the teeth[1].] 歯医者で歯石を取ってもらいました。(ha-i-sha-de-shi-se-ki-wo-to-tte-mo-rai-ma-shi-ta) = I got my tartar removed at the dentist's. ("I got my tartar taken away by means of the dentist.") 歯茎 (ha-gu-ki) = gums 喉が腫れて熱が出てきた。(no-do-ga-ha-re-te-ne-tsu-ga-de-te-ki-ta) = My throat was swollen, and I developed a fever. ("I developed a fever whilst my throat was swollen." or "腫れて出てきた。/ I developed while swelling.") 歯茎が腫れている。(ha-gu-ki-ga-ha-re-te-i-ru) = My gums are swollen (“My gums are swelling”). 溜まる (ta-ma-ru) = To accumulate / to pile up / to save 歯茎に歯石がたまっています。(ha-gu-ki-ni-shi-se-ki-ga-ta-ma-tte-i-ma-su) = Tartar has built up at your gums. ("...is building up.") 歯茎に歯石が溜まっています。(ha-gu-ki-ni-shi-se-ki-ga-ta-ma-tte-i-ma-su) = Tartar has built up at your gums. Lesson 3[] ...を診る (...-wo-mi-ru) = I examined ... ちょっと喉を診ましょう。(cho-tto-no-do-wo-mi-ma-shō) = Let's examine your throat for a moment. 医者に行って診てもらったほうがいいかな。(i-sha-ni-i-tte-mi-te-mo-ra-tta-hou-ga-ī-ka-na) = I wonder if I should go get seen by a doctor. 歯科医 (shi-kai / shi-ka-i) = dentist 歯科医に診てもらっていた。(shi-kai-ni-mi-te-mo-ra-tte-i-ta) = I was getting examined by the dentist. (“...examined at the dentist.”) できるだけすぐに歯科医に診てもらいに行きなさい。(de-ki-ru-da-ke-su-gu-ni-shi-kai-ni-mi-te-mo-rai-ni-i-ki-na-sai) = Go get checked by your dentist as soon as possible. 衛生学 (ei-sei-ga-ku) = Hygienics (the branch of knowledge 🧻) 医学生に衛生学を教えている。(i-ga-ku-sei-ni-ei-sei-ga-ku-wo-o-shi-e-te-i-ru) = I am teaching hygienics to medical students. 歯科衛生 (shi-ka-ei-sei) = dental hygiene　　しか　えいせい 歯科衛生に気をつけてください。(shi-ka-ei-sei-ni-ki-wo-tsu-ke-te-ku-da-sai) = Please pay attention to your dental hygiene. 歯科衛生士 (shi-ka-ei-sei-shi) = dental hygienist 私は歯科衛生士だから歯磨きが大好きです。(wa-ta-shi-wa-shi-ka-ei-sei-shi-da-ka-ra-ha-mi-ga-ki-ga-dai-su-ki-de-su) = I am a dental hygienist so I love brushing my teeth. ...をすすいでください。(...-wo-su-sui-de-ku-da-sai) = Please rinse ... out. ...をすすぎなさい。(...-wo-su-su-gi-na-sai) = Rinse ... . 口を水ですすぎなさい。(ku-chi-wo-mi-zu-de-su-su-gi-na-sai) = Rinse your mouth with water. 石鹸の水をすすぎなさい。(se-kken-no-mi-zu-wo-su-su-gi-na-sai) = Rinse out the soapy water. (aka. ‘Rinse the object off its soapy water.’) ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/37924378?&comment_id=46865480 === Skill 80 - Tech_2 === Lesson 1[] つい [verb] (tsui-[verb]) = I unintentionally / unconsciously / by mistake [verb] ラジオが安かったので、つい見てしまいました。(ra-ji-o-ga-ya-su-ka-tta-no-de, tsui-mi-te-shi-mai-ma-shi-ta) = The radios were inexpensive, so I unintentionally ended up looking at them. (“Because radios were inexpensive, I unintentionally ... .”) リモコン (ri-mo-kon) = remote control プリンター (pu-rin-tā) = printer ソフト (so-fu-to) = software このパソコンにはソフトがたくさん入っている。(ko-no-pa-so-kon-ni-wa-so-fu-to-ga-ta-ku-san-hai-tte-i-ru) = This computer contains a lot of software. ダウンロード (da-un-rō-do) = download ...をダウンロードした (da-un-rō-do-shi-ta) = I downloaded ... ネットワーク (ne-tto-wā-ku) = network このソフトをネットワークで使った。(ko-no-so-fu-to-wo-ne-tto-wā-ku-de-tsu-ka-tta) = I used this software on the network. このプリンターはネットワークにつながっている。(ko-no-pu-rin-tā-wa-ne-tto-wā-ku-ni-tsu-na-ga-tte-i-ru) = This printer is connected to the network. ("connected at the network.") 接続 (se-tsu-zo-ku) = connection / attachment / union (せつぞく) インターネットの接続が切れた。(in-tā-ne-tto-no-se-tsu-zo-ku-ga-ki-re-ta) = The internet connection got cut off. パソコンとプリンターを接続しました。(pa-so-kon-to-pu-rin-tā-wo-se-tsu-zo-ku-shi-ma-shi-ta) = I connected the computer to the printer. (“I connected the printer with the computer.”) ... はどこ？(...-wa-do-ko) = Where is ... ? 友逹と話していてもついスマホを見てしまう。(to-mo-ta-chi-to-ha-na-shi-te-i-te-mo-tsui-su-ma-ho-wo-mi-te-shi-ma-u) = Even when I am talking with my friends, I wind up looking at my smartphone unintentionally. ゲームについ夢中になりすぎて、宿題ができなかった。(gē-mu-ni-tsu-i-mu-chū-ni-na-ri-su-gi-te-shu-ku-dai-ga-de-ki-na-ka-tta) = I accidentally got too absorbed in the game and could not do my homework. (“At the game I unintentionally became too much at absorbed, I could not ... .”) Lesson 2[] うっかり [verb] (u-kka-ri) = I carelessly / thoughtlessly / inadvertently [verb] うっかりエアコンを消し忘れた。(u-kka-ri-e-a-kon-wo-ke-shi-wa-su-re-ta) = I carelessly forgot to turn off the air conditioner. [Cf. Skill: The Train, Grammar Section[4] for 消し忘れた, ‘to do Verb2 on Verb1’.] うっかりファイルを削除してしまった。(u-kka-ri-fai-ru-wo-sa-ku-jo-shi-te-shi-ma-tta) = I carelessly ended up deleting the file. すみません、うっかり忘れてしまったんです。(su-mi-ma-sen, u-kka-ri-wa-su-re-te-shi-ma-ttan-de-su) = Sorry I carelessly ended up forgetting. アプリ (a-pu-ri) = app / application アプリケーション (a-pu-ri-kē-shon) = application (software) すべてのアプリケーションが閉じているか確認してください。(su-be-te-no-a-pu-ri-kē-shon-ga-to-ji-te-i-ru-ka-ka-ku-nin-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please make sure that all applications are closed. [I guess that “閉じているか確認して” is the same as “閉じているのを確認して”.] 終了 (shū-ryō) = end / close / termination (しゅうりょう) 終了した (shū-ryō-shi-ta) = it ended / it shut down ...を終了した (shū-ryō-shi-ta) = I ended it / I shut it down アプリを終了してください。(a-pu-ri-wo-shū-ryō-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please shut down the app. 動画 (dō-ga) = video (esp. digital) / video clip / clip (どうが) 娘に動画編集ソフトを買ってあげた。(mu-su-me-ni-dō-ga-hen-shū-so-fu-to-wo-ka-tte-a-ge-ta) = I bought (as a favour) some video editing software for my daughter. コンピューター (kom-pyū-tā) = computer コンピューターがめちゃめちゃになった。(kom-pyū-tā-ga-me-cha-me-cha-ni-na-tta) = The computer went crazy. 彼女は動画をコンピューターにダウンロードした。(ka-no-jo-wa-dō-ga-wo-kom-pyū-tā-ni-da-un-rō-do-shi-ta) = She downloaded the video onto the computer. (“...downloaded to the computer.”) 私のコンピュータを直してもらえますか？(wa-ta-shi-no-kom-pyū-ta-wo-na-o-shi-te-mo-ra-e-ma-su-ka) = Would you please fix my computer? (“Do I get my computer fixed?”) コンピュータープログラマー (kom-pyū-tā-pu-ro-gu-ra-mā) = (computer) programmer 特定 (to-ku-tei) = specific / special / particular (とくてい) プログラマーは特定の仕事のためのソフトを開発する。(pu-ro-gu-ra-mā-wa-to-ku-tei-no-shi-go-to-no-ta-me-no-so-fu-to-wo-kai-ha-tsu-su-ru) = Programmers develop software for specific tasks. (“Programmers develop software for a particular job's sake.”) [I will assume 仕事のための = 仕事のために] 原因はまだ特定できていない。(gen-in-wa-ma-da-to-ku-tei-de-ki-te-i-nai) = The cause cannot be determined yet. 電話番号が誰のものかを特定しなきゃ。(den-wa-ban-gō-ga-da-re-no-mo-no-ka-wo-to-ku-tei-shi-na-kya) = I have to identify whose telephone number this is. (“Telephone number, regarding it, [somebody's belonging I have to determine].”) Lesson 3[] インターネットで検索した。(in-tā-ne-tto-de-ken-sa-ku-shi-ta) = I searched on the internet. (“I searched by the way of the internet.”) 検索エンジンでその言葉を検索してみた。(ken-sa-ku-en-jin-de-so-no-ko-to-ba-wo-ken-sa-ku-shi-te-mi-ta) = I tried searching for the word with a search engine. ...を開始した (...-wo-kai-shi-shi-ta) = I started ... . 彼らは責任を共有している。(ka-re-ra-wa-se-ki-nin-wo-kyō-yū-shi-te-i-ru) = They share responsibility. (“They are sharing the blame / responsibility.”) [Cf. Skill: Obligation 2[5] for the Blame / Responsibility Paradigm.] 彼女は友人と部屋を共有している。(ka-no-jo-wa-yū-jin-to-he-ya-wo-kyō-yū-shi-te-i-ru) = She is sharing a room with her friend. (“She, regarding which, friends, with which, room, [she] is sharing.”) このコンピューターは共有物だ。(ko-no-kom-pyū-tā-wa-kyō-yū-bu-tsu-da) = This computer is for communal use. (“This computer is a share-thing.”) ...は...に変換できる。(...-wa-...-ni-hen-kan-de-ki-ru) = ... is convertible into ... . 熱は電気に変換できる。(ne-tsu-wa-den-ki-ni-hen-kan-de-ki-ru) = Heat is convertible into electricity. [‘Heat energy...’] 形式 (kei-shi-ki) = form / format 彼女はファイル形式を変換した。(ka-no-jo-wa-fai-ru-kei-shi-ki-wo-hen-kan-shi-ta) = She converted the file format. これは変な芸術形式だよ。(ko-re-wa-he-nna-gei-ju-tsu-kei-shi-ki-da-yo) = This is a strange art form. 機能 (hi-nou) = function / feature (“machine abilities”[6]) この洗濯機は複雑な機能が多すぎる。(ko-no-sen-ta-ku-ki-wa-fu-ku-za-tsu-na-ki-nou-ga-ō-su-gi-ru) = This washing machine has too many complicated features. Lesson 4[] 設備 (se-tsu-bi) = equipment / system / facilities 暖房設備 (dam-bō-se-tsu-bi) = heating equipment この建物には暖房設備がない。(ko-no-ta-te-mo-no-ni-wa-dan-bō-se-tsu-bi-ga-nai) = There is no heating system in this building. [I presume that に in this sentence suggest a structure of “...にいます”, meaning, ‘(to exist) at ...’ / (to be integrated) into ... .] 各部屋にはインターネット接続の設備がある。(ka-ku-he-ya-ni-wa-in-tā-ne-tto-se-tsu-zo-ku-no-se-tsu-bi-ga-a-ru) = Each room has internet connectivity capabilities. (“...internet connection's facility exists.”) こたつ (ko-ta-tsu) = heated table / Kotatsu [Low table with a blanket and a heating element underneath[7].] ...をしまう (...-wo-shi-ma-u) = To finish ... . こたつをしまいなさい。(ko-ta-tsu-wo-shi-mai-na-sai) = Put away the heated table. (“Finish the heated table.” / “Finish with the heated table.”) 冷房 (rei-bō) = air conditioning / cooling system [used exclusively when talking about the idea of cooling. For a version with cooling and heating, use エアコン[8]] この部屋には冷房が入っていない。(ko-no-he-ya-ni-wa-rei-bō-ga-haitte-i-nai) = This room does not have air conditioning. ...を読み込む (...-wo-yo-mi-ko-mu) = To load ... . ...を読み込んだ (...-wo-yo-mi-kon-da) = I loaded ... . 画像を読み込んだ。(ga-zō-wo-yo-mi-kon-da) = I loaded the images. ファイルを読み込んでください (fai-ru-wo-yo-mi-kon-de-ku-da-sai) = Please load the files. ...から...に切り替えた (...-ka-ra-...-ni-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = I switched/changed from ... to ... . ガスから電気に切り替えた。(ga-su-ka-ra-den-ki-ni-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = We switched from gas to electricity. ...を...から...に切り替えた (...-wo-...-ka-ra-...-ni-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = I switched/changed ... from ... to ... . ...を...から...へ切り替えた (...-wo-...-ka-ra-...-he-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = I switched/changed ... from ... to ... . エアコンを冷房から暖房に切り替えた。(e-a-kon-wo-rei-bō-ka-ra-dam-bō-ni-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = I switched the air conditioner from cooling to heating. (‘We switched the aircon from a thing that heats to a cooling system.’) 石油からガスへ暖房を切り替えた。(se-ki-yu-ka-ra-ga-su-e-dam-bō-wo-ki-ri-ka-e-ta) = We switched from oil heating to gas. (‘We switched [the phenomenon of] heating from oil to gas.’) ウェブ (ue-bu) = web [internet] ウェブでホテルの予約をした。(we-bu-de-ho-te-ru-no-yo-ya-ku-wo-shi-ta) = I made the hotel reservation on the web. (‘I did a hotel's reservation via the web.’) ウェブサイト (ue-bu-sai-to) = website Lesson 5[] データ (dē-ta) = data 科学者たちはデータを調べた。(ka-ga-ku-sha-ta-chi-wa-dē-ta-wo-shi-ra-be-ta) = The scientists checked (=validated?) the data. (‘Scientists investigated / researched the data.’) アクセス (a-ku-se-su) = access そのホテルは駅からのアクセスがいい。(so-no-ho-te-ru-wa-e-ki-ka-ra-no-a-ku-se-su-ga-ī) = The hotel has easy access to the train station. (‘Regarding that hotel the access from the station is good.’) パスワード (pa-su-wā-do) = password もしパスワードを忘れたらここをクリックしてください。(mo-shi-pa-su-wā-do-wo-wa-su-re-ta-ra-ko-ko-wo-ku-ri-kku-shi-te-ku-da-sai) = Please click here if you have forgotten your password. (‘...please click this place.’) ホームページ (hō-mu-pē-ji) = homepage ...を入力された (...-wo-nyū-ryo-ku-sa-re-ta) = (speaking of computational data) ... was entered (‘... was input’) そのデータはコンピューターに入力された。(so-no-dē-ta-wa-kom-pyū-tā-ni-nyū-ryo-ku-sa-re-ta) = That data was entered into the computer. ...を掲載した (...-wo-kei-sai-shi-ta) = I published ... ...に掲載した (...-ni-kei-sai-shi-ta) = I published at ... ホームページに掲載した。(hō-mu-pē-ji-ni-kei-sai-shi-ta) = I published it on the homepage. その会社は新聞に広告を掲載した。(so-no-kai-sha-wa-shim-bun-ni-kou-ko-ku-wo-kei-sai-shi-ta) = The company published an ad in the newspaper. (‘...published at the newspaper.’) ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44832797?&comment_id=45141126 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44832797?&comment_id=49202054 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/39978771?&comment_id=50658974 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/44605486?&comment_id=44605487 ↑ https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/38329353?&comment_id=42585570 === Skill 81 - The_Arts_2 === Lesson 1[] 生け花 = flower arrangement / arranging flowers その女優は生け花が好きだ。= That actress likes arranging flowers. * 書道 = calligraphy 私の趣味は書道です。= My hobby is calligraphy. * 才能 = talent 彼女には才能がありますね。= She has a talent, doesn't she? * あの子は絵の才能がありそうだ。= That child seems to have a talent for painting. * 抽象的 = abstract 君の説明は抽象的すぎる。= Your explanation is too abstract. * * 抽象芸術 = abstract art 抽象芸術が好きではない人はたくさんいる。= There are many people who do not like abstract art. * * 生け花が好きなの？= Do you like flower arrangement? * 折り紙 = origami / paper folding 妹は毎日折り紙を折る。= My little sister folds origami every day. * 書道と折り紙とどちらが好きなの？= Which do you like better, calligraphy or paper folding? * 書道は生け花より楽しいです。= Calligraphy is more fun than arranging flowers. * 彼女は豊かな才能の持ち主だ。= She possesses great talent. * Lesson 2[] 著者 = author 創造 = creation　そうぞう　　そうぞうてき＝創造的 著者は誰ですか？= Who is the author? * 彼女は非常に想像力に富んだ作家です。= She is a very imaginative writer. * * 富んで = brimming 創造性 = creativity　そうぞうせい あの作家は創造性に富んでいる。= That writer is brimming with creativity. * 目次 = table of contents 著者は目次を付けた。= The author attached a table of contents. * * 目次を作った。= I created a table of contents. * その著者の名前を知っている。= I know that author's name. * 兄は芸術的に創造力のある人です。= My older brother is an artistically creative person. * * げいじゅつ　そうぞう＝想像＝創造 彼がその小説の著者です。= He is author of the novel. 目次は読みにくかったです。= The table of contents was difficult to read. * Lesson 3[] 幕 = curtain　　まく 演技 = acting / performance 大勢の観客の前で演技した。= I performed in front of a large audience. * 素晴らしい演技だった。= It was an excellent performance. * * 天才 = genius 姉は数学の天才だ。= My older sister is a math genius. * * 彼の演技は実によかった。= His acting was really good. * 盛んに = heavily 雪が盛んに降っている。= It is snowing heavily. * ここはあなたの出る幕ではない= This is none of your business. * 天才的 = masterful 彼女の才能はほとんど天才的だ。= Her talent is practically masterful. * * この劇げきは三幕ものです。= This play is a three-act piece. * 盛ん = popular / enthusiastic 日本では野球が盛んである。= Baseball is popular in Japan. * 盛んな拍手のうちに幕が降りました。= The curtain fell amid enthusiastic applause. * Lesson 4[] ジャンル = genre 分類した = classified ジャンルによって本を分類した。= I classified the books according to genre. * * 化粧 = makeup 茂さんは化粧をしている。= Shigeru is wearing makeup. * * がらがら = almost empty　　hoarse　嘶哑 風邪を引いて声ががらがらだ。 映画館はがらがらだった。= The movie theater was almost empty. * 字幕 = subtitles この映画に字幕はありますか？= Does this movie have subtitles? * 化粧を直した。= I fixed my makeup. * カフェはがらがらです。= The cafe is almost empty. * * この本は小説に分類される。= This book is classified as a novel. * クジラは哺乳類に分類される。= Whales are classified as mammals. * 英語字幕付きのフランス映画だった。= It was a French movie with English subtitles. * 化粧を落とした。= I took off my makeup. * あれは別のジャンルの芸術だ。= That is a different genre of art. * 外国映画にはすべて字幕が付いている。= The foreign films all have subtitles. * * === Skill 82 - History === Lesson 1[] 忍者 = ninja 再建された = reconstructed 戦後 = after the war 町は戦後再建された。= The town was reconstructed after the war. * 忍者じゃないよ。= I am not a ninja, you know. * 忍者が好きです。= I like ninjas. * 昔 = long ago 森の中に昔から住んでる。= He has been living in the forest since long ago. * その城は再建されなかった。= That castle was not rebuilt. * かつて = used to / once 私はかつて世界を支配していた。= I used to rule the world. * ここにはかつて古いお寺があった。= There was once an old temple here. * 再建中で = under reconstruction 会社は再建中である。= The company is under reconstruction. * 戦後我々の生活は大きく変化した。= Our lives changed a great deal after the war. * * せんご　せいかつ　おおきくへんか 昔々 = once upon a time 昔々、あるところに、おじいさんとおばあさんが住んでいました。= Once upon a time, in a certain place, there lived an old man and an old woman. * ここはかつて海の底だった。= This was once the bottom of the ocean. * 昔はよく屋根に上って空を眺めたものだ。= I often used to climb up on the roof and gaze at the sky. * Lesson 2[] 発見した = discovered 科学者は新しい方法を発見した。= The scientist discovered a new method. * 建てられました = was built. この城は五百年前に建てられました。= This castle was built five hundred years ago. しばしば = often 彼はフランスをしばしば訪れた。= He often visited France. * 我々はしばしばここへ来た。= We came here often. * 発明されました = invented テレビはいつ発明されましたか？= When was the television invented? * * あの星はいつ発見されましたか？= When was that star discovered? * * 世紀 = century 百年は一世紀と呼ばれる。= A hundred years is called a century. * この建物は百年以上前に建てられた。= This building was built over a hundred years ago. * 生み出す = produce / create 観光は多くの新しい仕事を生み出しました。= Tourism created many new jobs. * * 二十世紀には情報時代が誕生した。= The twentieth century saw the birth of the information age. * 会社は十九世紀に建てられました。= The company was founded in the nineteenth century. * 戦争が科学技術の進歩を生み出すことが多いです。= War often produces advances in scientific technology. * Lesson 3[] もはや = no longer [with negative verb] 彼女はもはや子供じゃない。= She is no longer a child. * * 記念 = souvenir これはいい記念になる。= This will be a good souvenir. * 令和 = Reiwa era. 彼女は令和四年に卒業する。= She will graduate in 2022. * 平成 = Heisei era 私は平成三十年に卒業した。= I graduated in 2018. * * 昭和三十九年に東京でオリンピックが開催された。= The Olympics were held in Tokyo in 1964. * 娘は平成生まれです。= My daughter was born in the Heisei era. * 息子は令和生まれです。= My son was born in the Reiwa era. * * 次のオリンピックは令和三年に開催される。= The next Olympic Games will be held in 2021. * 記念日 = anniversary たいていの人がもはやこの記念日を祝わない。= Most people no longer celebrate this anniversary.* 私はその日の記念にするため新聞を持ち帰りました。= I took home the newspaper to memorialize that day. * 昭和二十年に第二次世界大戦は終わりました。= The Second World War ended in 1945. * Lesson 4[] 江戸 = Edo 刀 = sword / katana この刀は国王に作られた。= This sword was made by a king. * この習慣は江戸時代に始まりました。= This custom began in the Edo period. * * 当時 = at the time / back then 当時彼女はノルウェーにいた。= She was in Norway at the time. * 武士 = samurai その武士は江戸に住んでいた。= The samurai lived in Edo. * 自殺をした = took their own life 彼は自殺をしたと言われている。= It is said that he took his own life. * その武士は刀で自殺した。= The samurai killed himself with a katana. * 当時彼女は高校生だった。= She was a high school student at the time. * その詩人は一昨年自殺した。= The poet killed himself the year before last. * * 刀は武士の魂だ。= The sword is the soul of a samurai. * 江戸時代、武士は刀を二本差していた。= In the Edo period, a samurai carried two swords. * 机の引き出しから当時の写真が出てきた。= The photos from back then came from the desk drawer. * Lesson 5[] 憲法 = constitution 革命 = revolution　　かくめい フランスで革命が起こった。= A revolution broke out in France. * コンピューターは我々の生活や仕事に革命を起こした　こんぴゅーたー　＝have　revolutionized　the　way　we　live　and　work 持った = took 彼女は私の手を持った。= She took my hand. * * 2018年 = the year 2018 2018年は彼女にとって幸福な年でした。= 2018 was a happy year for her. * 保障して = guarantees　ほしょうして　障　しょう 憲法は政治的平等を保障している。= The constitution guarantees political equality. * * 1914年 = the year 1914 第一次世界大戦は1914年に始まりました。= The First World War began in 1914. * * 1789年 = the year 1789 フランス革命は1789年に起こりました。= The French Revolution broke out in 1789. * 基本的人権は憲法で保障されている。= Fundamental human rights are guaranteed by the constitution. * ロシアで共産革命が起こりました。= A communist revolution took place in Russia. * 共産党 = Communist party　きょうさんと 革命で共産党が政権を奪った。= The Communist Party seized power through a revolution. [1] この権利は憲法によって保障されている。= This right is constitutionally guaranteed. * 私は共産党と一切関係を持ったことがない。= I have never had any relationship with the Communist Party. * * Lesson 6[] 領土 = territory / possession 米国 = The United States その島々は米国の領土だ。= Those islands are United States territory. * * 以前 = former 中村さんは私の以前の上司です。= Ms. Nakamura is my former boss. * * 共和国 = republic 新しい共和国が生まれた。= A new republic was born. * 米国は共和国である。= The United States is a republic. * * 両国は領土問題を解決した。= The two countries resolved the territorial issue. * 英国 = Great Britain 立憲君主国 = constitutional monarchy　りっけん　　　くんしゅ 英国も立憲君主国である。= Great Britain is also a constitutional monarchy. * * 我々は以前ほど米を食べない。= We do not eat as much rice as before. * 父は立憲民主党を支持している。= My father supports the Constitutional Democratic Party. * 日本は立憲君主国である。= Japan is a constitutional monarchy. * 君主 = monarch これは英国君主の象徴です。= This is the symbol of the British monarch. * カナダは以前の英国の領土である。= Canada is a former British possession. * === Skill 83 - Fantasy_2 === Lesson 1[] 宝物 = treasur　　たからもの 彼は海で宝物を見つけた。= He found the treasure in the sea. * 現れる = to appear 幽霊が目の前に現れました。= A ghost appeared before me. * 隠す = to hide/conceal　かくす 動物は穴の中に身を隠した。= The animal hid itself inside the hole. * 彼女は宝をベッドの下に隠した。= She hid the treasure under her bed. * 彼はいつも感情を隠そうとする。= He always tries to hide his emotions. * 彼女は遅れてパーティーに現れた。= She showed up late to the party. * 埋める = to bury [in the ground]　うめる 私たちは埋められた宝を探している。= We are looking for buried treasure. * この穴は危ないから埋めてください。= This hole is dangerous, so please fill it in. * * 私たちは太陽が現れるのを待ちました。= We waited for the sun to appear. * 私は間違いを犯したことを隠すつもりはない。= I don't intend to hide the fact that I made a mistake. * 宝 = treasure　たから 宝を庭に埋めた。= I buried the treasure in the yard. * Lesson 2[] 魅力 = attraction 陰 = behind the scenes 永遠 = always とても魅力的です。= You're very attractive. * 隠れる = to hide oneself　かくれる 月が雲の後ろに隠れた。= The moon hid behind a cloud. *　かくれた 永遠にあなたを愛します。= I will always love you. * 彼女が陰で糸を引いていた。= She was pulling the strings behind the scenes. * * 彼は女性に全然魅力を感じない。= He does not feel any attraction to women at all. * 物陰 = the shadows 誰が物陰に隠れているか分からないから、気をつけて。= Be careful, because you do not know who is hiding in the shadows.　* 彼とはもう永遠に会えない。= I can never see him again. * 私はあなたを永遠に愛することを約束します。= I promise to love you forever. * Lesson 3[] 冒険 = adventure 悪夢 = nightmare 悪夢を見た。= I had a nightmare. * その悪夢が現実化した。= That nightmare became a reality. * 物語 = story/tale 長い物語だ。= It's a long story. * 体験 = experience 悪夢のような体験だった。= It was a nightmarish experience. * 彼は危険な冒険を始めた。= He undertook a perilous adventure. * ますます = more and more 物語はますます面白くなった。= The story got more and more interesting. * この絵には物語がある。= There is a story in this picture. * その旅は私にはかなりの冒険だった。= That trip was quite an adventure for me. * この本は世界中の物語を集めたものである。= This book is a collection of tales from around the world. * 地球の大気はますます汚染されてきている。= The earth's atmosphere is getting more and more polluted. * 私たちは信じられないような冒険を体験した。= We experienced an unbelievable adventure. * 夕べ恐ろしい体験をした。= I had a frightening experience last night. * 彼女はおかしな冒険を体験した。= She experienced a strange adventure. * Lesson 4[] 呪い = curse 王座 = throne 君主は王座を占める。= The monarch occupies the throne. * 宝石 = jewels 宝石が消えた。= The jewels disappeared. * 光景 = sight その光景に驚いた。= I was surprised by the sight. * 運命 = fate 彼は運命に身を任せた。= He resigned himself to his fate. * 呪いのビデオを見たの？= Did you watch the cursed video? * * 出会い = encounter 不思議な出会いだった。= It was a curious encounter. * 呪う = to curse 彼の家族は呪われている。= His family is cursed. * この宝石は呪われている。= This jewel is cursed. * 出会う = to encounter 不思議な光景に出会った。= I encountered a strange sight. * 運命的 = predestined 私たちは運命的な出会いをした。= We had a predestined encounter. * 王座は宝石できらきら輝いていた。= The throne was glistening with jewels. * 夢のような光景だった。= It was a dreamlike scene. * 運命 = destiny 彼らはみんな死ぬ運命にある。= They are all destined to die. * Lesson 5[] 騎士 = knight 抱き = to embrace ; to hold/harbor [a thought] 幻想 = illusion お前の息子が騎士や王子になるだろう。= Your sons will be knights and princes. * 空想 = fantasy ただの空想ですか？= Is this just fantasy? * これは幻想にすぎない。= This is nothing more than an illusion. * その政治家は空想を抱いた。= The politician embraced fantasies. * 騎士道 = chivalrous 彼は騎士道精神を持っている。= He has a chivalrous spirit. * 彼はスウェーデン人に偏見を抱いている。= He harbors prejudice against Swedes. * あなたは将来に何か不安を抱いていますか？= Do you have any anxiety for the future? * 彼女は空想の世界に生きている。= She is living in a world of fantasy. * 彼の考えは幻想にすぎなかった。= His ideas were nothing more than illusions. * これに幻想を抱いていない。= I do not harbor illusions about this. * === Skill 84 - Casual_2 === Lesson 1[] っけ = again 何だっけ？= What is it again? * でっかい = huge でっかい！= That's huge! * ママ = mom ママ、おはよう。= Mom, good morning. * あれ = hey あれ、髪切ったの？= Hey, did you cut your hair? * パパ = dad パパ、ママはどこ？= Dad, where is Mom? * サボって = slacking off / ditching class サボって = slacking off / ditching class サボってないで仕事をしろ。= Stop slacking off and get to work. * ヤンキー = delinquent 兄はヤンキー学校に通ってる。= My older brother is going to a school for delinquents. * でかい = huge あのジャガイモはバカでかい。= That potato is crazy huge. * あれ、あの人、あなたの彼氏じゃない？= Hey, isn't that person your boyfriend? * どこだっけ？= Where is it again? * なんてでっかいカボチャなんだ！= What a huge pumpkin! * 　でっかい　≒　でかい　≒huge　　なんだ　！！ なんてでっかいカボチャなんだ！= What a huge pumpkin! * あれ、あいつ、あんなところで何やってんだ？= Hey, what's that guy doing over there? * 直美さんはしょっちゅう授業をサボっている。= Naomi ditches class all the time. * 直美さんはしょっちゅう授業をサボっている。= Naomi ditches class all the time. * 僕のママは医者だ。= My mom is a doctor. * 茂は私にとってパパのようなものだ。= Shigeru is like a dad to me. * それはいくらだったっけ？= How much was it again? * 俺のいとこってちょっとヤンキーだ。= My cousin is a bit of a delinquent. * Lesson 2[] 草 = LOL 草。= LOL. * 草生える = laugh out loud 草生える。= It made me laugh out loud. * タピり = to drink bubble tea タピりたい。= I want to have bubble tea. * ママチャリ = granny bike ママチャリを買うぞ！= Let's buy granny bikes! * かい = [casual question particle] 彼女はもう来たかい？= Has she come yet? * 色男 = hunk / hunky guy/ hot guy　いろおとこ お前の友達は色男だよ。= Your friend is a hunk. * タピった = drank bubble tea. 昨日、私たちはタピった。= We had bubble tea yesterday. * 色っぽい = hot　　いろっぽい 彼女の兄は驚くほど色っぽい。= My girlfriend's older brother is surprisingly hot. * モテる = to be popular with women あの色男は若い女性に大変モテる。= That hunky guy is very popular with young women. * 色っぽく = hot 彼はあまり色っぽくないけど、女性にモテる。= He is not that hot, but he is popular with women. * あの色男に気があるのかい？= Are you interested in that hot guy? * それ、草生える。= It made me laugh out loud. * 一緒にタピりましょう。= Let's have bubble tea together. * こいつ、ママチャリに乗るぞ！= This guy rides a granny bike, you know! * 彼はうまくギターを弾くので女性にモテる。= He plays the guitar well, so he is popular with the ladies. * あのママチャリに乗るサラリーマンが見える？= Do you see that salaryman riding a granny bike? * 仕事が終わったら飲みに行くかい？= Will you go drinking after work is over? * === Skill 85 - The_Farm === Lesson 1[] 農場 = farm 畑 = field [translation not provided until lesson 2] 姉は農場で働いている。= My older sister works on a farm. * 茂さんは農場で働いた。= Shigeru worked on a farm. * 農家 = farmer おじいさんは農家でした。= My grandfather was a farmer. * 作物 = crop　さくもつ この天気は作物によくない。= This weather is not good for the crops. * 小麦 = wheat　　こむぎ 小麦粉は小麦から作られる。= Flour is made from wheat. *　こむぎこ 産物 = product　さんぶつ 幽霊は想像の産物にすぎない。= Ghosts are nothing more than a product of imagination. * 彼女の偉大な発見は偶然の産物だった。= Her great discovery was the result of an accident. * 家は小麦の袋でいっぱいです。= The house is filled with bags of wheat. * 小麦はこの地方の主な作物です。= Wheat is the chief crop in this area. * Lesson 2[] 蒔き = to sow　まき 刈り = to harvest　かり 稲 = rice plant　いね 農家は稲を植えていた。= The farmer was planting the rice plants. * 刈った = harvested 農家は稲を刈った。= The farmer harvested the rice plants. * 畑 = field [first appears in lesson 1 without translation]　はたけ 畑を雪が厚く覆っていた。= Thick snow covered the fields. * 蒔いた = sowed 私たちは畑に小麦を蒔いた。= We sowed the field with wheat. * 種 = seed　たね 彼は庭に花の種を蒔いた。= He planted flower seeds in his garden. * 彼らは畑に種を蒔きました。= They sowed seeds in the field. * 私たちは一緒に稲を刈りました。= We harvested the rice plants together. * 刈らなくちゃ = have to reap [maybe?] 自分が蒔いた種は自分で刈らなくちゃ。= You have to reap the seeds you have sown. * 彼女は木から種を取りました。= She took seeds from the tree. * Lesson 3[] 穀物 = grain　　こくもつ　こくもつ 牧場 = ranch 農家が穀物の種を蒔いた。= The farmer sowed seeds of grain. * 彼女は牧場で働いている。= She is working on a ranch. * 収穫 = harvest　　しゅうかく 米の収穫が増えてきている。= The rice harvest has been increasing. * 田んぼ = rice field 家の東側が田んぼに接している。= The east side of the house borders on a rice field. * 父は牧場を経営している。= My father runs a ranch. * 収穫量 = harvest total　しゅうかくりょう 去年に比べて今年は収穫量が少ない。= The harvest totals this year are meager compared with last year. * 牛が牧場で草を食べている。= Cows are eating grass on the ranch. * 我々は秋に穀物を収穫します。= We harvest the grains in the fall. * 数年前までこの辺りは一面の田んぼでした。= Until a few years ago, this area was all rice fields. * Lesson 4[] 栽培 = growth　さいばい 餌 = food [for animals. Direct translation not provided] 餌を与えないで = do not feed ハトに餌を与えないで。= Do not feed the pigeons. * 温室 = greenhouse 温室でバラを育てています。= I am growing roses in my greenhouse. * 動物に餌を与えないでください。= Please do not feed the animals. * 私たちは庭で野菜を栽培している。= We are growing vegetables in our garden. * 彼は温室でイチゴを栽培している。= He is growing strawberries in his greenhouse. * 彼らは温室で花を育てている。= They are growing flowers in their greenhouse. * この土地ではジャガイモが栽培されている。= This land is cultivated with potatoes. * 彼女は鳥に餌をやるのを忘れた= She forgot to feed the birds. * === Skill 86 - Language === Lesson 1[] 語彙 = vocabulary 彼女は語彙が豊富だ。= She has an extensive vocabulary. * 常に = always　つねに 彼は常に約束を守る。= He always keeps his promises. * 用語 = terms ようご　ようご＝用語 この本は法律用語が多い。= This book has many legal terms. *　ほうりつ　ようご 翻訳 = translation / translations 彼の翻訳の質がよくなりました。= The quality of his translations has gotten better. * この書類を英語に翻訳してください。= Please translate this document into English. * すでに = already 私はすでに予定が入っています。= I already have plans. * 駅に着いたときには列車はすでに出ていた。= When I arrived at the station, the train had already left. * 本を読んで語彙を増やした。= I increased my vocabulary by reading books. * 夏休みのご予定はすでにお決まりですか？= Have you already decided on your plans for summer vacation? * 彼女は常に我々の指示を従わなくてはいけません。= She must always obey our instructions. * お客様は常に正しい。= The customer is always right. * 用語が適当ではなかった。= The terms were not appropriate. * Lesson 2[] 繰り = [part of word? explicit definition not given]未给出明确定义　　　くり　くる＝繰る 気分が優れない = do not feel well 今日は気分が優れない。= I do not feel well today. * 繰り返す = repeat　　くりかえし 同じ間違いを繰り返すな。= Don't repeat the same mistake. * 定義しなさい = define この哲学用語を定義しなさい。= Define this philosophical term. * 定義 = definition 哲学者は人間を政治的動物と定義した。= The philosopher defined man as a political animal. * 語学留学に = on ... language exchange 英語の語学留学にカナダへ行った。= I went to Canada on an English language exchange. * 語学 = language learning 優れている = excels 彼は語学に優れている。= He excels at language learning. * 能力がある = are capable of 猫はネズミを捕まえる能力がある。= Cats are capable of catching mice. * 私の後に続けて繰り返して = repeat after me 私の後に続けて繰り返してください。= Please repeat after me. * 優れた = tremendous 学習能力 = capacity to learn　がくしゅう　のうりょく 人間には優れた学習能力がある。= Human beings have a tremendous capacity to learn. * あの鳥は学習能力は極めて高い。＝The learning capacity of the certain bird is extremely high 学習 = learning 言語の学習では繰り返しが重要な働きをする。= Repetition plays a vital role in language learning. * 日本語能力試験には五つのレベルがある。= The Japanese Language Proficiency Test has five levels. * Lesson 3[] 流暢 = fluent　　りゅちょう　　りゅちょせい＝流暢性 要約した = summarized 本の内容を要約した。= I summarized the contents of the book. * 直接 = directly ちょ<せつ 私が彼女に直接話します。= I will speak to her directly. * 引用 = quote それは直接の引用だ。= That is a direct quote. * 習得 = learning / acquisition　　しゅうとく 習得が早い = learns quickly　しゅうとく 彼女は言語の習得が早い。= She learns languages quickly. * 流暢な = fluent　りゅうちょう 彼は流暢なノルウェー語を話す。= He speaks fluent Norwegian. * そういえば = come to think of it そういえば、しばらく息子を見ていない。= Come to think of it, I have not seen my son in a while. * この本はほかの作品からの引用が多い。= This book has a lot of quotations from other works. * 本田教授は内容をきちんと要約した。= Professor Honda summarized the contents neatly. * 新しい技術を習得するのは難しい。= Acquiring new skills is difficult. * 彼女は流暢な英語で自己紹介した。= She introduced herself in fluent English. * 記事を要約してください。= Please summarize the article. * 父はよくこの本を引用した。= My father often quoted this book. * 外国語を習得するのは易しくない。= Mastering foreign languages is not easy. * これは姉から直接聞いた話です。= This is a story that I heard directly from my sister. * Lesson 4[] 異なり = to differ　ことなり 解釈 = interpretation　　解釈　＝　かいしゃく その解釈には無理がある。= That interpretation has no rationality. *　　むり＝無理 誤っている = is incorrect それは明らかに誤っている。= That is obviously incorrect. * 一致している = are (of) the same　いっち 彼らは意見が一致している。= They are of the same opinion. * なまり = accent 彼には目立ったなまりはない。= He has no noticeable accent. * あなたの話は彼女の話と一致していない。= Your story does not align with hers. * この問題の解釈は人によって異なる。= Interpretations of this issue differ depending on the person. * を誤るものだ = would be a mistake for 彼の主張は我が国の将来を誤るものだ。= His proposal would be a mistake for the future of our country. * 君の報告書の内容は事実と異なっている。= The contents of your report are different from the facts. * ほうこくしょ　ないよう　じじつ 異なった = different　ことなった 異なった考え方の大切さを理解している。= I understand the importance of different viewpoints. * Lesson 5[] 曖昧 = ambiguous　あいまい ごまかす = to deceive / gloss over ごまかされなかった。= I was not deceived. * この文の意味は曖昧だ。= The meaning of this sentence is ambiguous. * 方言 = dialect どこの方言を話しますか？= What dialect do you speak? * 言い訳 = excuse　　いいわけ そんな言い訳は聞きたくない。= I do not want to hear such excuses. * 彼女は曖昧な言葉を使いすぎる。= She uses too many vague expressions. * 彼は自分の失敗をごまかした。= He glossed over his mistake. * ごまかされてしまった = ended up falling for 彼女の言い訳にごまかされてしまった。= I ended up falling for her excuses. * 表す言い方 = ways to express　いいかた 日本語には丁寧さを表す言い方が多いです。= Japanese has a lot of ways to express politeness. * 彼女は私たちの方言を習得した。= She learned our dialect. * 彼はいくつかのノルウェー語の方言が話せる。= He can speak a few Norwegian dialects. * 招待を断る言い訳を探している。= I am looking for an excuse to turn down the invitation. *　しょうたい いとこは理解できない方言を話す。= My cousin speaks an unintelligible dialect. * りかい　　　　　ほうげん いとこは理解できない方言を話す。= My cousin speaks an unintelligible dialect. * りかい　　　　　ほうげん Lesson 6[] 名詞 = noun 動詞 = verb 特徴 = characteristic　　とくちょう 交通渋滞は大都市の特徴だ。= Traffic jams are a characteristic of big cities. *　characterisitic この名詞はどのように変化させますか？= How is this noun declined? * 形容詞 = adjective この形容詞は名詞としても働くかもしれない。= This adjective may also function as a noun. * 活用させて = conjugate この動詞を活用させてください。= Please conjugate this verb. * 名詞化して = turning into noun この動詞を名詞化してください。= Please turn this verb into a noun. * 活用形 = conjugated form この動詞の活用形を教えてください。= Please teach me the conjugated forms of this verb. * それは彼の特徴を表すのにぴったりした形容詞だ。= That is a fitting adjective to describe his peculiarities. * 　　とくちょう　あらわす　　けいようし　彼の特徴を表すのに（ぴったりした）形容詞だ ノルウェー語の動詞の活用はすごく簡単です。= Norwegian verb conjugation is very easy. * 妹の特徴を表すのにぴったりした形容詞を探している。= I am looking for a fitting adjective to describe my little sister's peculiarities. * === Skill 87 - Feelings_4 === Lesson 1[] さっぱりした。= was refreshing. さっぱりした。= It was refreshing. * 信用 = trust 君は信用できない。= I cannot trust you. * 震えて = trembling　　ふるえる 彼は興奮して震えていた。= He was trembling with excitement. * *　こうふん 彼女は成績が悪かったので落ち込んでいる。 = She is depressed because her grades were poor. * 落ち込んで = depressed / down 彼は最近落ち込んでいる。= He has been depressed recently. * まあ = oh まあ、それはいい考えだね。= Oh, that is a good idea. * * 私は彼の言葉を信用している。 = I have trust in his words. * かわいそうに = what a pity まあ、かわいそうに！= Oh, what a pity! * * 恐怖 = fear　　きょうふ 彼女の声は恐怖で震えていた。= Her voice was trembling with fear. * 君は信用できない。= I cannot trust you. * 恐怖で震えた。= I trembled with fear. * 恐怖心 = fear　きょうふしん 彼の落ち着いた態度に私の恐怖心は消えた。= My fear disappeared thanks to his relaxed disposition. * * そんな噂を信用してはいけない。= You must not believe such rumors. * 彼女なら信用できる。= You can trust her. * まあ、そんなに怒らないで！= Oh, don't be so angry! * 彼女はその女の子をかわいそうだとは思わなかった。= She took no pity on that girl. * * かわいそうに思って彼を助けてやりました。= I helped him out of pity. * 今日はちょっと落ち込んでいるんだ。= I am feeling a bit down today. *　　落ち込んで　おちこんで シャワーを浴びるとさっぱりしますよ。= If you take a shower, you will feel refreshed. * 風呂に入ってさっぱりしなさい。= Take a bath and feel refreshed. * * 風呂に入ってさっぱりした。 = I took a bath and felt refreshed. * Lesson 2[] 恵み = blessing [no explicit definition given]　めぐみ 裏 = back [no explicit definition given]　　うら 面倒 = trouble　　めんどう 何と面倒な！= How troublesome! * 快適 = comfortable　かいてき このソファは快適だ。= This sofa is comfortable. * 恵まれて = blessed　めぐまれる 私は仲間に恵まれています。= I am blessed with friends. * * 信頼している = have faith in 私は現代医学を信頼している。= I have faith in modern medical science. * 裏切る = betray 俺の信頼を裏切るな。= Don't betray my trust. * * 彼女は彼の信頼を裏切った。= She betrayed his trust. *　　信頼　しんらい　裏切る　裏切った　うらぎった スペインには快適で安いホテルがたくさんある。= Spain has many comfortable and inexpensive hotels. * * あの子はいつも面倒を起こしている。= That kid is always causing trouble. * ノルウェーは美しい自然に恵まれている。= Norway is blessed with beautiful nature. * 彼は妻を裏切ったことを後悔している。= He regrets cheating on his wife. * 彼は名古屋に快適なアパートを持っている。= He has a comfortable apartment in Nagoya. * 少しも面倒ではありません。 = It is no trouble at all. * この上着は軽くてとても快適です。 = This coat is light and very comfortable. * 彼はとてもたくましい体格に恵まれている。 = He is gifted with a very muscular physique. * 何と面倒な！ = How troublesome! * Lesson 3[] 慰め = to console / comfort　なぐさめ 悲しむな = don't be sad そんなに悲しむなよ。= Don't be so sad. * * 好み = preference　　このみ 色の好みはありますか？= Do you have a color preference? * * 面倒くさい = a pain　　めんどう 歯を磨くのも面倒くさい。= Even brushing my teeth is a pain. * 歯を磨くのも面倒くさいです。= Even brushing my teeth is a pain. * 不幸 = misfortune　ふこう それが不幸の始まりだった。= That was the beginning of my misfortune. * * 好まない = don't care for 私はお酒はあまり好まない。= I don't really care for alcohol. * 慰められた = was consoled / comforted 彼は子供たちに慰められた。= He was consoled by his children. * キス = kiss 彼女の頬に軽くキスをした。= He kissed her cheek lightly. * その詩人は大きな不幸を経験した。= That poet has experienced great unhappiness. *　経験　けいけん 彼女は花に慰められました。= She was comforted by the flowers. * * 彼女は都会生活を好まなかった。= She did not care for city life. * 悲しんで = mourning 試験に失敗した友人を慰めた。= I comforted a friend who failed his exam. * 王様の死を悲しんで人々が広場に集まった　= People gathered in the square mourning the king's death. 単語を辞書で引くのは面倒くさい。= Looking up words in a dictionary is a pain. * 両国の間には不幸な過去がある。= There is an unfortunate history between the two countries. * 好む = like　このむ 彼らは和食を好む。 = They like Japanese food. * そこまで歩いて行くのは面倒くさい。 = It is a pain to go there on foot. * 彼がほかの男とキスしているのを見た。 = I saw him kissing another man. * 彼女は娘におやすみのキスをした。 = She kissed her daughter good night. * 悲しむ = to be sad 喜ぶべきか、悲しむべきかわからない。 = I do not know if I should be happy or sad. * Lesson 4[] 首相はその独立運動を支援した。= The prime minister supported the independence movement. * ご支援 = support 　　しえん ご支援ありがとうございました。= Thank you very much for your support. * わくわく = excited 私はその知らせを聞いてわくわくした。= I was excited to hear the news. * 抑える = suppress　おさえる 彼はもはや怒りを抑えることができなかった。= He couldn't suppress his anger any longer. * * 消極的 = negative　　しょうきょくてき そんなに消極的になるな。= Don't be so negative. * * 支援 = support 積極的 = active　　せっきょくてき 我々は積極的に支援を求めた。= We actively sought support. * *　　もとめた　求めた 彼は同僚の積極的な協力を必要とした。= He needed the active cooperation of his colleagues. * めちゃくちゃわくわくしている！= I'm ridiculously excited! * * 彼女の態度は極めて消極的だった。= Her attitude was extremely negative. * * 私はわくわくした気持ちを抑えることができなかった。= I could not contain my feelings of excitement. * Lesson 5[] 叫び = shout　　　さけび 耐え = [part of word. no explicit explanation give]　　たえる 驚きの叫びをあげた。= I let out a shout of surprise. * 苦痛 = pain　くつう 医者は患者の苦痛を和らげた。= The doctor eased the patient's pain. * 耐えられない = cannot stand この苦痛には耐えられない。= I cannot stand this pain. * 肉体的 = physical　にくたいてき 肉体的苦痛を感じなくなった。= I no longer feel the physical pain. * 肉体的に苦しかった。= It was physically stressful. * 祖父は苦しそうに息をしていた。= My grandfather was breathing with difficulty. * 苦しい = difficult / stressful 我が社はひどく苦しい状況にある。= Our company is in a terribly difficult situation. * 叫んだ = cried 健太さんは娘の名前を叫んだが、反応はなかった。= Kenta cried out his daughter's name, but there was no response. * 耐えて = enduring 尊敬する先輩を目標に激しい練習に耐えてきました。= I have been enduring intense practice in emulation of my respectable mentor. *　　为了效仿我尊敬的导师，我一直在坚持不懈的练习　我接受了高強度的訓練，目標是與我尊敬的前輩們競爭。？ せんぱいをもくひょうに　 仿真 in emulation of my respectable mentor　效仿我可敬的导师。模仿 彼らは私に肉体的苦痛を与えた。= They inflicted physical pain upon me. * もうこんな生活には耐えられない。= I cannot endure this kind of life any longer. * === Skill 88 - Seasons === Lesson 1[] ごまかされなかった。= I was not deceived. 彼女は生きる意欲を失うことはなかった。　失う＝　うしなう　＋こと　いきるいよくい She had never lost her will to live. will =いよく＝意欲 She had never lost her will to live. will =いよく＝意欲 桜 = cherry blossom 春は桜の季節です。= Spring is the season for cherry blossoms. * 咲いた = have bloomed 桜の花が咲いた。= The cherry blossom flowers have bloomed. * お花見 = see the cherry blossoms お花見に行きませんか？= Why don't we go to see the cherry blossoms? * 待ち遠しい = cannot wait for　　まちどおしい　待ち遠しい 夏休みが待ち遠しいなあ。= I cannot wait for summer vacation. * 咲くの = blooming　　咲く　の　　　　ばら　＝バラ＝rose 桜が咲くのが待ち遠しい。= I cannot wait for the blooming of the cherry blossoms. *　さく＝咲く　待ち遠しい 週末が待ち遠しかったよ。= I could not wait for the weekend, you know. * 四季 = four seasons 日本には四季があります。= We have four seasons in Japan. *　しき＝四季　 日本は四季がはっかりしたはっきりしている。　the four season are distinct in japan 四季の中では春が一番好きです。= Of all the seasons, I like spring the most. * 時期 = season 春は木を植える時期です。= Springtime is the season to plant trees. * 上野公園に花見に出かけた。= I went to see the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park. * はなみ＝花見 花見客 = cherry blossom viewer　　はなみきゃく　きゃく＝客 上野公園は花見客でいっぱいだった。= Ueno Park was filled with cherry blossom viewers. * 花見には今が一番いい時期だ。= Now is the best time to see the cherry blossoms. * 試験の時期はここの図書館は学生でいっぱいだ。= This library is filled with students during the exam period. * Lesson 2[] 盆 = Bon Festival　ぼん　お盆　おぼん　＝Bon　fesrival かき氷 = shaved ice　　かきこおり　氷＝こおり お祭りでかき氷を食べた。= I ate shaved ice at the festival. * 明けた = begun/ended　明けた　＝　あけた 新しい年が明けた。= The new year has begun. * 梅雨 = rainy season　　つゆ＝梅雨 梅雨が明けた。= The rainy season has ended. * 新しい年が明けた　has　begun　明け＝あけ 始まり　begin　ーー　　　　　明ける？ 梅雨はいつ始まりますか？= When will the rainy season begin? * お盆 = Bon Festival お盆が近づいている。= The Bon Festival is approaching. *　ちかづいて＝ちかづいて＝近づいて 実家 = parents' house　じっかー実家 実家からりんごが届いた。= Apples arrived from my parents' house. *　　じっか＝実家　　届いた＝とどいた 屋台 = food stall　やたい＝屋台 この屋台はかき氷を売らない。= This food stall does not sell shaved ice. * 盆踊り = the Bon Festival dance　ぼんおどり＝盆踊り 父は盆踊りで屋台を出した。= My dad set up a food stall at the Bon Festival dance. * 明けましておめでとうございます！= Happy New Year! * 夜が明けるの = dawn　　よるがあける　夜幕降临　の＋を　＋まちました...... 私たちは夜が明けるのを待ちました。= We waited for dawn. * 彼の奥さんは今実家に帰っている。= His wife is now staying at her parents' house. * 梅雨が始まりました。= The rainy season has begun. * Lesson 3[] 紅葉 = autumn leaves　こうよう　”もみじ”　autumn foliage もう紅葉の時期は終わりました。= The season for autumn leaves has already ended. * 団子 = dango　　だんご 花より団子。= Dango over flowers. *　【惯用语】舍华求实；不求风流，但求实惠　实在比什么都重要 陽気に = cheerfully 彼女は陽気に笑った。= She laughed cheerfully. * 日光 = Nikko　にっこう 彼女は先週日光へ旅行した。= She traveled to Nikko last week. * ぽかぽか = warm and cozy 暖烘烘 暖和和 ぽかぽかのお風呂に入りたい。= I want to get into a warm and cozy bath. * 月見をします = go moon viewing Xgo viewing moon　つきみ＝月見　moon-viewing 九月の中ごろに月見をします。= We go moon viewing around the middle of September. * 紅葉狩りをした = hunted for autumn leaves もみじがり　もみじ＝こうよう＝紅葉　　狩り＝がり 紅葉狩り　ｎ.　　サ変動詞　＋を＋した 彼らは日光で紅葉狩りをした。= They hunted for autumn leaves in Nikko. * お月見のために日光へ旅行した。= I traveled to Nikko for a moon-viewing. *　おつきみのために 陽気 = weather　ようき＝ようき＝陽気 　季节，时令；　开朗，朝气蓬勃 そちらの陽気はどうでしたか。　How is the weather there. 彼女は陽気に笑った　she laughed cheerfully. わらった＝笑った 春らしい陽気になった。= The weather has become springlike. * 私の友達は団子の作り方を教えてくれた。= My friend taught me how to make dango. * 春の陽気で体がぽかぽかするね。= My body is nice and warm in the spring weather. * iswent nice and warm in the spring weather 温泉に入って体がぽかぽかだ。= My body is nice and warm after going into the hot spring. * is nice and warm after going into is going to これは花見団子ですか、それとも月見団子ですか？= Are these flower-viewing dango or moon-viewing dango? * 丘は紅葉がきれいだ。= The hills have pretty autumn foliage. * 屋台で団子を注文した。= I ordered dango at the food stall. *　　だんご＝団子 これは花見団子ですか、それともつきみだんごですか？ Are these was flower-viewing dango or moon-viewing dango ? Lesson 4[] 札幌 = Sapporo 大晦日 = New Year's Eve　　おおみそか 福袋 = grab bag ふくぶくろ　＝ふくぶくろ＝福袋 福袋の中を見たの？= Did you look inside the grab bag? * 元日 = New Year's day　　がんじつ＝元日 一月一日は元日です。= January first is New Year's Day. * 札幌は大きな都市です。= Sapporo is a big city. * 元日には神社へ行く日本人は多いです。= There are many Japanese people who go to Shinto shrines on New Year's Day. * 正月 = New Year 私たちは正月を祝った。= We celebrated the New Year. * 大晦日にそばを食べます。= We eat soba on New Year's Eve. *　おおみそか＝大晦日　New year's eve 大晦日にパーティーを開きます。　ひらき＝開き　throw a party 大晦日をどのようなに過ごすのですか？　どうのように　　すごす＝過ごす　spend　のですか 正月は親戚がうちに集まる。= My relatives gather at home for the New Year. * お正月 = New Year　しょうがつ＝正月 デパートでお正月の福袋を買った。= I bought a New Year's grab bag at the department store. * でぱーと＝デパート＝department　store わざと =　on　purpose/ 意図 的 = いとてき　intentional　deliberate すんぜん =　寸前 飛行機は 離陸 寸前 だった。= The plane was On the verge of taking off